Biodiesel is a long-chain fatty acid ester produced from renewable and biological resources such as used cooking, animal fat, vegetable oil, and algae. Biodiesel is a renewable and clean fuel as it reduces carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter emissions compared with petroleum-based diesel fuel. Production of biodiesel from renewable resources is done through the transesterification reaction at which the organic group (alkyl) of alcohol is substituted with the organic group of a triglyceride– the main component of the feedstock –producing fatty acid alkyl ester (biodiesel) and crude glycerol. Biodiesel can be used in pure form (B100) or may be blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration if its specifications is identical to the international standard specifications provided by American standard for testing materials (ASTM) or EN14214 in the European Union for alternative fuels. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel in many applications such as generators, diesel vehicles, heaters, and boilers. In this paper, the different types of biodiesel feedstocks, feedstocks treatment methods, and biodiesel production technologies are reviewed and summarized.

/pdf/a-review-on-biodiesel-feedstocks-and-production-technologies-4av6u8tmkl.pdf

A review on biodiesel feedstocks and production technologies

Japan's recent enunciation of a “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” policy aims to promote principles such as free trade, freedom of navigation, and encouraging economic prosperity with building commitment to stability and peace connecting the economic hub of Asia to Africa (MFA, 2019). Natural gas use continues to dominate Japan's energy mix despite efforts to improve environmental protection and attain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Also, increasing production and investment typically leads to a better quality of life and more disposable income for the populace, which promotes economic growth. To this end, the study investigates the relationship between economic growth, trade openness, and natural gas consumption, as well as gross fixed capital formation and carbon dioxide emissions to overcome omitted variable problems to explore the natural gas-economic growth hypothesis in Japan over the period 1980–2020. Empirical results reveal a long-run relationship among the variables under consideration. By applying the Toda and Yamamoto approach to Granger causality testing, a two-sided causality running from CO2 and economic growth was revealed, while a one-sided causality from economic growth to natural gas consumption. This outcome suggests that the natural gas-economic growth hypothesis is not valid for Japan. According to these outcomes, policymakers in the energy sector should consciously diversify their energy portfolio in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Japan. Also, it is recommended that there should be a provision of access to skilled labor to increase productivity and export finished products to boost a nation's economy.

Japan energy mix and economic growth nexus: Focus on natural gas consumption

A Pure polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a white, brittle material and it is the third-largest polymers produced after polyethylene and polypropylene as 40 million tons of PVC are produced yearly. The basic structure of PVC is (C2H3Cl)n and it is produced by polymerization of the vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) with a polymerization degree ranges from 300 to 1500. The chlorine content in PVC is about 57% by weight, which makes it less dependent on hydrocarbon content. In this paper, we are going to reveal the PVC additives and applications.

/pdf/poly-vinyl-chloride-additives-and-applications-a-review-un6pkxui.pdf

Poly Vinyl Chloride Additives and Applications-A Review

Bioethanol-derived biomass is a green sustainable source of energy that is highly recommended as an efficient alternative to the replacement of fossil fuels. However, this type of bioethanol production is always expensive with very low bioethanol concentration. Therefore, this work aims to represent a facile and green approach for bioethanol production with high concentration and purity as well as reasonable cost from corn stover (CS). The goal of this study is to characterize CS and its treated samples with maleic acid (CSM) using various characterization analyses, such as proximate and ultimate analysis, HHV, TGA, FTIR, SEM, and CHNS. The bioethanol production stages: Pretreatment, enzymatic degradation, fermentation, and finally bioethanol separation and purification via the pervaporation process, which have been investigated and optimized are associated with the economic analysis. The optimum operating condition of the pretreatment process was 2% maleic acid, 1:20 solid-to-liquid ratio at 45 psi, 120 °C, and 1 h of operation in the autoclave. This process contributes to 53 and 45% lignin and hemicellulose removal, 98% cellulose recovery, and a glucose yield of 741 mg/dL. The yeast isolate succeeded in the production of 1230 mg/dL of bioethanol. This isolated yeast strain was close to Pichia nakasei with a similarity of 98%, and its amplified 18S rRNA gene sequence was deposited in GenBank with the accession number MZ675535. Poly (MMA-co-MA) membrane was synthesized, characterized, and its efficiency for increasing the bioethanol concentration was evaluated using the integrated pervaporation technique. The techno-economic analysis is presented in detail to evaluate the process profitability, which achieves a considerable profit for the whole duration of the project without any losses as it reaches a net profit of USD 1 million in 2023, reaching USD 2.1 million in 2047 for a company with a capacity of 32 thousand tons per year. The sequential strategy offers a promising approach for efficient bioethanol production under mild and environmentally friendly conditions that enable its implication industrially.

/pdf/experimental-optimization-with-the-emphasis-on-techno-12jrtef6.pdf

Experimental Optimization with the Emphasis on Techno-Economic Analysis of Production and Purification of High Value-Added Bioethanol from Sustainable Corn Stover

A comprehensive review of the polyolefin composites and their properties

The significance of natural gas appears as a competitive substitute for crude oil. Therefore, for many years, fuel switching between natural gas and crude oil made natural gas prices closely aligned with crude oil. On the other hand, the price of natural gas for end-users varies greatly across Europe, Asia, and Africa. There was an upward trend in energy commodity prices since 2000, but with the surge in supply coming from unconventional oil and gas resources in North America, the trend in natural gas prices has become downward in recent years due to the many reasons. This paper examines and investigates the global market of natural gas including previous, current, and future prices and demand. Additionally, it shows the effect of political and economic issues on natural gas prices and demand during the period from 2014 to 2020. The paper shows and interprets the expectations of the natural gas market until 2040.

https://jpme.journals.ekb.eg/article_93390_815486ea2211a71585b26e394492415f.pdf

A review on natural gas previous, current and forecasting prices and demand

Biodiesel represents a closed carbon dioxide cycle (approximately 78%) because it is derived from renewable biomass sources. "Bio" means its biological and renewable source, and "diesel" represents its use as a fuel on diesel engines. Biodiesel is defined as “mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and animal fats”. The present study was carried out in order to identify an effective treatment of used cooking oil to get the ideal specification condition to obtain high yield of biodiesel and get the best conversion ratio of used cooking oil to biodiesel. The linear regression analysis concluded that methanol to oil ratio and catalyst concentration have a high positive statistical significant effect. Temperature has a positive statistical signiﬁcant effect. The process time had a non statistical signiﬁcant negative effect on the biodiesel yield and the mixing rate had a highly negative statistical signiﬁcant effect. The best methyl ester conversion obtained was 99.2 wt.% based on the following conditions : methanol to oil molar ratio of 7.54:1, catalyst concentration of 0.875% , 1.17 hr. of reaction time, temperature of 52 °C, mixing rate 266 rpm.

https://jpme.journals.ekb.eg/article_131061_e89b05e13b44e49f6588a8653720a574.pdf

Production of biodiesel from used cooking using linear regression analysis

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A review on natural gas previous, current and forecasting prices and demand

Production of biodiesel from used cooking using linear regression analysis