The allure of arrogance: How relationship formation motives enhance consumer preferences for arrogant communications

Over/Under Confidence: Effects of Culture and Number of Options Bruce D. Burns (bruce.burns@sydney.edu.au) School of Psychology University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia Luming Luo (lluo1019@uni.sydney.edu.au) School of Psychology University of Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia (Yates, Lee, Shinotsuka, Patalano & Sieck, 1998). That is, East Asians are generally found to be more overconfident in their probability estimates. This suggests that decision- making under uncertainty may be influenced by cultural factors. Most of this research has examined calibration through the general knowledge format, which suggests that East Asians tend to engage in a more dichotomous style of probabilistic thinking, which would imply a tendency towards responding to uncertainty in either an extreme or conservative fashion. However, there are methodological issues in the general knowledge format with regards to sampling and the number of alternatives provided, the limitations and implications of which will be discussed. Abstract Greater over-confidence in answers to multiple choice general knowledge questions has been found for people in East Asian countries compared to English-speaking countries. A drawback of this research is difficulty in establishing the equivalence of samples across countries, so we compared students at the same university whose first language was either East Asian, English, or Other. Our earlier research using Chinese speaking students suggested under-confidence; however we had presented questions with four response options rather than two. Therefore here we also manipulated the number of response options. We found that the East Asian group consistently performed worse at a given level of confidence than the other groups, but that they displayed under rather than over-confidence for 4-option items. Thus our results were consistent with findings of greater confidence for people with East Asian roots, but whether this manifests as over-confidence, under-confidence, or better calibration could depend on the question’s structure. Cultural Calibration of Probabilistic Information Keywords: Confidence, decision making, culture. Introduction In today’s progressively globalised world, understanding cultural differences in decision-making is a valuable and increasingly relevant area of research. Thus evidence of differences in probabilistic thinking using cross-national samples is important. For example, studies have predominantly found similarities in degrees of over- confidence between English speaking countries, but greater over-confidence in East Asian samples. However methodological issues with this research have been raised and this paper will attempt to address some of these. Cultural Differences in Probabilistic Thinking One of the most intriguing findings in cross-cultural research today is the illustration of the existence of cultural differences in cognition and reasoning styles (Ji, Zhang & Nisbett, 2004). Notably, it has been suggested that East Asians reason in a holistic and relational manner, whereas Westerners tend to reason in an analytic fashion (Nisbett, 2003; Nisbett, Peng, Choi & Norenzayan, 2001). It is perhaps unsurprising then, that previous research has also demonstrated qualitative cultural differences in the way people perceive uncertainty and utilise probabilistic information. The most robust findings of cultural differences in probabilistic thinking are found in the calibration literature The accuracy of probability judgments is vital as it underpins the quality of decisions (Yates, Zhu, Ronis, Wang, Shinotsuka & Toda, 1989). Lichtenstein and Fischhoff (1977) underscored ‘calibration’ as a facet of probability assessment accuracy, and subsequently, most research has focused on this aspect of probability judgment. Calibration refers to the extent to which probability judgments regarding the occurrence of certain events are congruent with the relative frequencies of their actual occurrence (Lichtenstein & Fischhoff, 1981). In other words, it measures the degree of concordance between subjective confidence and objective accuracy. Well- calibrated probability assessments are valuable as they facilitate the accurate interpretation of the judgment being communicated, which allows for more reliable decision- making. Assessing Calibration. General knowledge questions are the most widely used tool for assessing calibration. They generally require the participant to first select an answer from one or more alternatives and then qualify this through indicating a subjective degree of certainty that their choice is correct. They are considered an appropriate method for assessing calibration as they provide an objective measure, where the performance criterion can be clearly defined (Keren, 1991). The calibration literature reveals two major findings: a susceptibility to give unrealistically high estimates, particularly for general knowledge questions, which is interpreted in the literature as overconfidence (e.g., Fischhoff, Slovic, & Lichtenstein, 1977; Lichtenstein &

/pdf/over-under-confidence-effects-of-culture-and-number-of-2qdpfw6sm0.pdf

Over/Under Confidence: Effects of Culture and Number of Options - eScholarship

The study investigated the relationship between workplace arrogance, the need for power, and Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) in corporate managers. The study was carried out by following the correlational research design. The sample of N = 260 corporate managers (males = 181, females = 79), with an age range from 30 years to 55 years ( M = 41.03, SD = 7.06), was recruited through the purposive sampling strategy from the different cities of Pakistan. In the first step, the authors established a factor structure of the workplace arrogance scale and retained 22 items with well-fitted indices of the one-factor solution model. The results of correlation analysis exhibited significant ( p < .05) positive relationships between workplace arrogance, the personalized need for power (P nPower). The CWB was negatively associated with the socialized need for power (S nPower), humility, and agreeableness in corporate managers. The independent sample t -test indicated that male and female corporate managers had similar scores in terms of all study variables ( p > .05). In addition, results of multiple linear regression analysis revealed that workplace arrogance and personalized need for power with 25% of the variance were found to be significant ( p < .01) predictors of the CWB. Moreover, the path analysis through Structure Equational Modeling (SEM) also suggested that personalized need for power, workplace arrogance, and humility were significant predictors of CWB. Lastly, SEM demonstrated that humility significantly mediated the relationship between workplace arrogance, the need for power, and CWB in corporate managers. Moreover, two demographic variables (i.e., work experience and the corporate sectors) also impact their CWB and the overall model fit indices. The study provides researchers with a validated workplace arrogance scale on the corporate sample. It helps the researchers to expand their understanding of the significance of these constructs in the field of industrial-organizational psychology. In addition, the study seeks to benefit many employees and employers to comprehend the nature and the association of CWB with other undesirable variables in the workplace (i.e

Workplace Arrogance, Need for Power, and Counterproductive Work Behaviors in Corporate Managers: The Mediating Role of Humility

Arrogant individuals are individuals who tend to position themselves in the center, both in their daily lives and in organizational life, and their relationships with others. While they exaggerate their importance, they tend to take over success in any case. Arrogance, which has the potential to adversely affect the organizational climate, can turn into an obstacle to the state of collective engagement and have a devastating effect on the science discipline, for example, in the academic community. In this context, this study aims to examine the arrogance orientations of academicians working in universities, which are higher education organizations. For this purpose, phenomenology, which is a qualitative research design, was used, and thirteen participants consisting of undergraduate and graduate students and graduates were reached with the maximum variation sampling method. The data obtained through focus group interviews using semi-structured questions were analyzed in terms of content using the Maxquda qualitative data analysis program. Findings obtained as a result of the analyses reveal that the arrogance orientations of academicians were gathered under the dimensions of individuality, comparison, contempt, and discrediting. Based on these results, it is possible to indicate that it affects the academic organization climate negatively and feeds on individuality. In this context, it can contribute to reducing the potentially destructive effects of arrogance by encouraging collective work in academic organizations.

An Evaluation of Arrogance Orientations of Academicians in Higher Education According to Student and Alumni Opinions

Abstract This chapter focuses on working memory in childhood and its developmental course. It is from the perspective of the embedded-processes theoretical model of working memory and information processing. A conception of typical child development leads to insights into practical issues that emerge in childhood and sometimes continue throughout the lifespan. Practical implications are integrated with cognitive and developmental theory of working memory. In the theoretical framework, several well-integrated items in the focus of attention are augmented by temporarily activated elements of long-term memory, which are susceptible to interference from other items with similar features. Each attended set rapidly lays down a new episodic memory that can be used even within a single trial. This framework leads to hypotheses about what develops that are consistent with a cognitivist framework. Conditions that can be discussed within this framework include autism and cognitive deficits, language and reading disorders, attention deficits, mental illness, drug and alcohol effects, motivational issues, stroke or brain damage, and brain diseases and dementias. 

Working memory and child development with its windfalls and pitfalls

Purpose To incorporate evidence-based practice into clinical settings, there is a need for efficient, effective ways to share information from research to speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and to...

Teaching Undergraduate Clinicians Empirically Supported Practices for Preschool Vocabulary Instruction

We consider the topic of arrogance from a cross-disciplinary viewpoint. To stimulate further research, we suggest three types of arrogance (individual, comparative, and antagonistic) and six compon...

Foundations of Arrogance: A Broad Survey and Framework for Research.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Abby T. Eubank

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Teaching Undergraduate Clinicians Empirically Supported Practices for Preschool Vocabulary Instruction

Foundations of Arrogance: A Broad Survey and Framework for Research.