A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle cost analysis (LCCA), mechanical and long-term leaching evaluation of road pavement structures containing multiple secondary materials

In summer, frequent ozone (O3) episodes occur in New York City (NYC) and coastal areas along Long Island Sound (LIS) due to complex interplay of urban pollutants transport, land-sea breezes, and chemistry. The Long Island Sound Tropospheric Ozone Study (LISTOS) was carried out to address this issue; here we present an integrated analysis of the diurnal variation of planetary-boundary-layer height (PBLH) and O3 in the NYC urban and coastal area during LISTOS in summer 2019. A persistent O3 episode (July 28–31, 2019) is investigated which shows much higher O3 (90–120 ppb with 5-min average maximum) along the North-shore of Long Island (NLI) than the NYC urban and South-shore of Long Island (SLI). We evaluate the PBLH estimate with a multi-platform observation in the complex coastal environment, and compare the PBLH diurnal variation in the NYC urban to coastal areas. The results indicate lower PBLH in the mid-morning and noon in the NLI than the NYC urban area. With the simultaneously measured O3 and PBLH, the integrated O3 content or total content in the PBL defined as the O3 concentrations multiplying PBLH show good consistency in the urban and NLI coast at noon on July 28–29, 2019. A dense O3 plume, rich in CO, aerosols, black carbon, HCHO and NOx appeared in the PBL as detected from the UMD Cessna research aircraft, satellite TROPOMI and ozonesonde; their coincidently large values imply the combined impacts of urban plumes transport, lower PBLH and land-sea breezes in the NLI area. Finally, we evaluated the forecast of O3 and PBLH from the NOAA NAM-CMAQ (12 km grid) and WRF-Chem (1.3 km grid) models with the observations. Both models show good agreement with the observations at the NYC urban site; but at the NLI coastal site, the NAM-CMAQ model forecast indicates a timing bias for the maximum O3 at noon. These results provide insight into the impacts of the sea breeze and urban heat island on air quality. 

Ozone pollution episodes and PBL height variation in the NYC urban and coastal areas during LISTOS 2019

Long-term trends reflecting regulatory impacts on VOCs sources in the New York City metropolitan area

Surface ozone regulation policies rely heavily on air quality models, such as CAMx, as important guiding tools. Comparison with observations is crucial to validating a model’s ability to represent ozone production chemistry. Identifying factors influencing surface ozone formation is complicated because ozone photochemical production rates are non-linearly dependent on concentrations of precursors such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We compare ozone production regimes (OPRs) identified from satellite observations and model simulations, as defined by the ratio of column formaldehyde to nitrogen dioxide (FNR, HCHO/NO2). We perform CAMx simulations for June-July-August 2016 over the Contiguous United States (CONUS) and compared these outputs against two OMI NO2and HCHO retrievals. Our analysis spans diurnal and altitudinal variations of OPRs, offering important insights for effective policy formulation. At the time of the OMI overpass (~1:30 PM LT), OPR is NOx-limited over most of the CONUS, as determined from OMI column ratios. Analysis of CAMx column ratios shows similar results. In contrast, more regions are VOC-limited when we constrain our ratio to within the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). In the morning (~9 AM LT), the CAMx PBL column ratios shift towards VOC-limited regime. We highlight areas of the CONUS for which satellite measurements of FNR may not be an accurate indicator of near-surface OPRs. Air quality regulations based on satellite observations should consider the diurnal variations of surface OPRs and assess how well their ratios represent near-surface OPR. Our results have implications for interpretation of TEMPO data for policy relevant applications. 

Inferring Near-Surface Ozone Production Regimes: Challenges with using Satellite Retrievals over the Contiguous US

Formaldehyde (HCHO) plays an important role in atmospheric photochemistry and air quality. In this study, to investigate the sources and characteristics of formaldehyde pollution in different regions of southern China, formaldehyde online monitoring system and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer were used to simultaneously monitor the level of HCHO and other non-methane hydrocarbons in the environment at urban site (HSTY) and rural site (NA) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China. The results showed that formaldehyde concentrations were higher in autumn, with (4.46 ± 3.15 ppbv) and (2.13 ± 1.46 ppbv) for urban and rural sites, respectively, compared to (1.51 ± 0.80 ppbv) and (1.84 ± 0.93 ppbv) for winter. Continental air masses bring many secondary and biological species, with isoprene playing an important role in secondary HCHO generation. Using a photochemical age-based method to allocate HCHO, the highest proportion of secondary anthropogenic occurs at urban site (39.4%–42.5%), whereas biogenic contribute the most at rural site (39.1%–43.7%). Fewer human activities result in a lower proportion of primary anthropogenic at rural site (10.8%) compared to urban site (12.2%). These findings demonstrate the interplay between anthropogenic and biogenic sources, which would help understand the formation of photochemical pollution in the PRD. 

Tempo-spacial variation and source apportionment of atmospheric formaldehyde in the pearl river delta, China

Anthropogenic VOCs in the Long Island Sound, NY Airshed and their role in ozone production

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Anthropogenic VOCs in the Long Island Sound, NY Airshed and their role in ozone production