To meet the fast-growing energy demand and, at the same time, tackle environmental concerns resulting from conventional energy sources, renewable energy sources are getting integrated in power networks to ensure reliable and affordable energy for the public and industrial sectors However, the integration of renewable energy in the ageing electrical grids can result in new risks/challenges, such as security of supply, base load energy capacity, seasonal effects, and so on Recent research and development in microgrids have proved that microgrids, which are fueled by renewable energy sources and managed by smart grids (use of smart sensors and smart energy management system), can offer higher reliability and more efficient energy systems in a cost-effective manner Further improvement in the reliability and efficiency of electrical grids can be achieved by utilizing dc distribution in microgrid systems DC microgrid is an attractive technology in the modern electrical grid system because of its natural interface with renewable energy sources, electric loads, and energy storage systems In the recent past, an increase in research work has been observed in the area of dc microgrid, which brings this technology closer to practical implementation This paper presents the state-of-the-art dc microgrid technology that covers ac interfaces, architectures, possible grounding schemes, power quality issues, and communication systems The advantages of dc grids can be harvested in many applications to improve their reliability and efficiency This paper also discusses benefits and challenges of using dc grid systems in several applications This paper highlights the urgent need of standardizations for dc microgrid technology and presents recent updates in this area

DC Microgrid Technology: System Architectures, AC Grid Interfaces, Grounding Schemes, Power Quality, Communication Networks, Applications, and Standardizations Aspects

In recent years, evidence has suggested that the global energy system is on the verge of a drastic revolution. The evolutionary development in power electronic technologies, the emergence of high-performance energy storage devices, and the ever-increasing penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) are commonly recognized as the major driving forces of the revolution. The explosion in consumer electronics is also powering this change. In this context, dc power distribution technologies have made a comeback and keep gaining a commendable increase in research interest and industrial applications. In addition, the concept of flexible and smart distribution has also been proposed, which tends to exploit distributed generation and pack together the distributed RESs and local electrical loads as an independent and self-sustainable entity, namely a microgrid. At present, research in the area of dc microgrids has investigated and developed a series of advanced methods in control, management, and objective-oriented optimization that would establish the technical interface enabling future applications in multiple industrial areas, such as smart buildings, electric vehicles, aerospace/aircraft power systems, and maritime power systems.

/pdf/next-generation-shipboard-dc-power-system-introduction-smart-4i0esjly9a.pdf

Next-Generation Shipboard DC Power System: Introduction Smart Grid and dc Microgrid Technologies into Maritime Electrical Netowrks

There has been mounting concerns over energy consumption and environmental impacts due to an increase in worldwide shipping activities. The International Maritime Organization has adopted regulations to impose limits on greenhouse gas emissions originated from fuel combustion of marine vessels. Such regulations are introduced in terms of energy efficiency design index and energy efficiency operational indicator. Extensive electrification of ship propulsion and shipboard power systems has been vastly proposed in the literature to make onboard energy systems more efficient. However, energy efficiency in the context of maritime transport is becoming even more stringent. Various technologies and operational practices therefore are being proposed to ensure full compliance with the tightening restrictions. The methods to increase energy efficiency and environmental performance of all-electric ships to satisfy such requirements involve integration of energy storage with a contribution of intelligent power management to optimize power split between various power generation sources; a tendency toward DC power distribution due to eliminating the need of all generators to be synchronized at a specific frequency; installation of unconventional propulsors for greater maneuverability requirements while keeping fuel consumption low; adoption of low carbon content fuel like liquefied natural gas for dual fuel diesel electric propulsion; establishment of onboard renewable energy systems for alternative clean power options; fuel cell integration in complementary operation with conventional diesel generators. This paper identifies promising technologies and practices that are applicable to onboard energy systems of all-electric ships and also reveals energy efficiency sensitivity of all-electric ships to different applications. The proposed strategies should be eventually combined with alternative technology-based and operational-based measures as implemented on conventional propulsion ships in order to realize full potential for energy efficient operation.

Energy efficiency of integrated electric propulsion for ships – A review

Fast increasing dc fault currents in dc shipboard distribution systems require fast dc protective devices and protection methods. Solid-state circuit breakers (SSCBs) inherently have fast protection speed and thus are proper for dc shipboard distribution protection. Based on the analysis of the fault current features in dc shipboard distribution systems, the design of the system protection employing SSCBs is discussed from the perspectives of SSCB technologies, design requirements, and protection methods. Fast speed, low cost, low loss, and optimized design are major challenges of SSCB-based dc shipboard distribution protection.

Design of Solid-State Circuit Breaker-Based Protection for DC Shipboard Power Systems

Microgrid concept has been widely adopted by power and energy community to boost the resilience and enhance the economics of the energy system. Stability control and economic control are two main f...

Comparison of Hierarchical Control and Distributed Control for Microgrid

Onboard DC Grid is a novel, new technology which is a further development of utilizing DC links that already exists in all propulsion and thruster drives, accomplishing for usually more than 80% of the electrical power consumption on electric propulsion vessels. This extension means that we keep all the good and well proven products used in today’s electric ships like AC generators, inverter modules, AC motors, etc. The main AC switchboard and transformers are not longer needed. The result is a more flexible power and propulsion system. Further Onboard DC Grid enables a combination of power sources and energy storage. Onboard DC Grid is suitable for vessels with total installed power of up to 20MW and operates at 1000V DC on the main bus. Typical target vessel is Offshore Support Vessels (OSVs), but any other vessel type using low voltage electric distribution would also be in the target range. For DP operation this approach gives several benefits. Firstly, the power network is no longer fixed at 60Hz. This means that an additional freedom of controlling the generator engine speed is present, giving the possibility to run engines efficiently even at 50% loading or lower. Today’s discussion of operating the power plant with open or closed bustie breakers can then be closed. Secondly, use of energy storage gives a possibility to level out the power variations on the engines even if the thruster loads are varying significantly due to vessel movements in bad weather conditions. This does not only contribute to increased fuel saving, but equally important would be the increased DP performance by the fact that the dynamic response of the thrusters would be independent from the engine dynamics. Today each thruster will experience ramp limits in power changes due to limitations in engines, however the energy storage take most of these power variations and hence reduce these limitations to a minimum. To conclude Onboard DC Grid is suited for vessels with total installed power up to about 20MW. It is flexible with respect to use of various power and fuel sources, and it gives clear benefits for vessels operating in DP, with respect to fuel consumption but also with respect to dynamic performance of the thruster system. Click below to:

http://dynamic-positioning.com/proceedings/dp2011/abstract_power_hansen.pdf

Session - Power Title: Onboard DC Grid for Enhanced DP Operation in Ships

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Session - Power Title: Onboard DC Grid for Enhanced DP Operation in Ships