The predominant emphasis on harmful effects of environmental stresses on growth of woody plants has obscured some very beneficial effects of such stresses. Slowly increasing stresses may induce physiological adjustment that protects plants from the growth inhibition and/or injury that follow when environmental stresses are abruptly imposed. In addition, short exposures of woody plants to extreme environmental conditions at critical times in their development often improve growth. Furthermore, maintaining harvested seedlings and plant products at very low temperatures extends their longevity. Drought tolerance: Seedlings previously exposed to water stress often undergo less inhibition of growth and other processes following transplanting than do seedlings not previously exposed to such stress. Controlled wetting and drying cycles often promote early budset, dormancy, and drought tolerance. In many species increased drought tolerance following such cycles is associated with osmotic adjustment that ...

Acclimation and adaptive responses of woody plants to environmental stresses

COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS is a review of thedevelopmental processes leading to sexual reproduction inflowering plants. On the basis of embryological data andcertain evidences from other areas of study, it lays specialemphasis on the relationship among and within the familiesand orders of angiosperms. Occasionally, inaccuracies inobservation and interpretation are pointed out, alternativeinterpretations offered, gaps in our knowledge highlighted,and prospects outlined. The text is documented with 36tables, 376 figures, and about 5000 literature citations,which contribute to making this book comprehensive. Besidesstudents and research workers interested in angiospermembyology, taxonomists, plant breeders, agriculturists, andhorticulturists will also find much useful information inthis treatise.

Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms

The bulk of Earth’s biological materials consist of few base substances—essentially proteins, polysaccharides, and minerals—that assemble into large varieties of structures. Multifunctionality arises naturally from this structural complexity: An example is the combination of rigidity and flexibility in protein-based teeth of the squid sucker ring. Other examples are time-delayed actuation in plant seed pods triggered by environmental signals, such as fire and water, and surface nanostructures that combine light manipulation with mechanical protection or water repellency. Bioinspired engineering transfers some of these structural principles into technically more relevant base materials to obtain new, often unexpected combinations of material properties. Less appreciated is the huge potential of using bioinspired structural complexity to avoid unnecessary chemical diversity, enabling easier recycling and, thus, a more sustainable materials economy.

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Biological composites—complex structures for functional diversity

Banksia ericifolia is killed by fire and so depends upon seeds for persistence. In contrast, B. oblongifolia can persist after fire by resprouting from protected buds, as well as by recruiting seedlings. These serotinous species coexist in the fire-prone scrublands of the Sydney Basin. Here we report experiments that compared seed release from cones retained in the canopy, seed germination, and seedling establishment in these two species. B. oblongifolia seeds were released more quickly than B. ericifolia seeds after a fire, and B. oblongifolia follicles opened and shed seeds after exposure to lower temperatures than those of B. ericifolia. B. oblongifolia seeds germinated more quickly than those of B. ericifolia. The relative growth rates and leaf mass ratios (mean ratio of leaf dry mass to plant dry mass over sequential harvests) of the two species did not differ. Root : shoot ratios were significantly large and biomass allocation to roots was faster in B. oblongifolia seedlings. B. ericifolia seedlings survived low and intermediate levels of droughting better than B. oblongifolia under greenhouse conditions. In a field experiment in which water was not limiting, large B. oblongifolia seedlings had the highest survival rate. These results suggest that selection has acted on B. ericifolia to minimize the chance of zero seedling survival by distributing the risks over more than one germination episode. There was no consistent evidence to support the hypothesis that selection on this species has increased its probability of seedling survival during any one germination opportunity relative to its congener.

Seedling Recruitment Strategies in Obligate-Seeding and Resprouting Banksia Shrubs.

Morphological and anatomical fruit characters are used for description of morphogenetic fruit types within eight traditional fruit types – follicle, nutlet, drupe, berry, capsule, pyrenariu...

Morphogenesis of fruits and types of fruit of angiosperms

Banskia ornata F. Muell. is a common dominant in heaths in south-eastem Australia that are frequently swept by fires which kill the plants. Regeneration is only from seed, suggesting that the future of the species is almost completely fire-dependent. At maturity, a multiple fruit is formed consisting of a number of follicles attached to a central rachis. Each valve of the follicle consists of an exocarp comprising an epidermis with hair cells and some sclereid bundles; a mesocarp containing bundles of sclereids in which the microfibrils are almost transverse to the major cell axis; and an endocarp in which the innermost cells are fibrous in form and in which the microfibrils of cellulose are oriented mainly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cell. Also present in the endocarp but abaxial to the fibrous sclereids are sclereid bundles that show similar microfibril orientation to the mesocarp sclereids. The junction between the valves of the follicle has a layer of interdigitating cells. A resinous substance together with phenols are present in and between these cells. Because of the difference in structure of the sclereids of the endocarp and of those of the mesocarp and exocarp, stresses develop between these tissues on desiccation. Events leading to the opening of the follicles are: (1) at maturity resin and phenols are secreted into the vascular elements at the base of the rachis, severing the vascular supply to the follicle; (2) with the advent of fire, the resin at the junction of the valves of the pericarp is destroyed, releasing the stress in the valves of the follicles, which reflex, allowing the release of seed. In B. marginata and B. Integrifolia, the anatomy of the valves of the follicle is basically similar to that of B. ornata. However, the follicles open without the intervention of fire. Thin-layer chromatography has shown that the resins extracted from the cells of the junction zone between the valves of the follicle of B. ornata are chemically different from those extracted from the non-fire-dependent species, suggesting that they may differ also in their physical properties.

The opening mechanism of follicles of some species of Banksia

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The opening mechanism of follicles of some species of Banksia