HVDC systems are playing an increasingly significant role in energy transmission due to their technical and economic superiority over HVAC systems for long distance transmission. HVDC is preferable beyond 300–800 km for overhead point-to-point transmission projects and for the cable based interconnection or the grid integration of remote offshore wind farms beyond 50–100 km. Several HVDC review papers exist in literature but often focus on specific geographic locations or system components. In contrast, this paper presents a detailed, up-to-date, analysis and assessment of HVDC transmission systems on a global scale, targeting expert and general audience alike. The paper covers the following aspects: technical and economic comparison of HVAC and HVDC systems; investigation of international HVDC market size, conditions, geographic sparsity of the technology adoption, as well as the main suppliers landscape; and high-level comparisons and analysis of HVDC system components such as Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) and Line Commutated Converters (LCCs), etc. The presented analysis are supported by practical case studies from existing projects in an effort to reveal the complex technical and economic considerations, factors and rationale involved in the evaluation and selection of transmission system technology for a given project. The contemporary operational challenges such as the ownership of Multi-Terminal DC (MTDC) networks are also discussed. Subsequently, the required development factors, both technically and regulatory, for proper MTDC networks operation are highlighted, including a future outlook of different HVDC system components. Collectively, the role of HVDC transmission in achieving national renewable energy targets in light of the Paris agreement commitments is highlighted with relevant examples of potential HVDC corridors.

/pdf/hvdc-transmission-technology-review-market-trends-and-future-1zjfr7832z.pdf

HVDC Transmission: Technology Review, Market Trends and Future Outlook

A comprehensive review of virtual synchronous generator

Power electronics contribution to renewable energy conversion addressing emission reduction: Applications, issues, and recommendations

The converters and their control strategies play an important role in converting, transmitting, and improving the performance of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system. There are different types of converter and their control strategies being employed in the HVDC system, such as line-commutated converter and voltage source converter (VSC). However, the existing converter controllers have still some limitations on certain deficiencies in certain aspects such as in weak AC grid or at high voltage and power level. Thus, an advanced converter control strategy is very much important in order to ensure optimal power transfer with minimal loss and stable voltage. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the advanced control strategies to address the problems and enhance the performance of the VSC-based HVDC (VSC-HVDC) transmission system. A detailed study on the overview of VSC-HVDC and their converter classifications are investigated. The main contribution of this paper is to carry out the different types of VSC-HVDC control strategies in controlling voltage, current, power, and the control parameters of the HVDC transmission system. This paper also highlights several factors, challenges, and problems of the conventional VSC-HVDC controllers. Furthermore, this paper provides some suggestions for the advanced control for the future research and development of the HVDC system.

Advanced Control Strategies of VSC Based HVDC Transmission System: Issues and Potential Recommendations

Travelling wave fault location algorithm for LCC-MMC-MTDC hybrid transmission system based on Hilbert-Huang transform

Review of HVDC control in weak AC grids

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Review of HVDC control in weak AC grids