Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistics for Spatial Data.

The use of stable isotopes to solve biogeochemical problems in ecosystem analysis is increasing rapidly because stable isotope data can contribute both source-sink (tracer) and process information: The elements C, N, S, H, and all have more than one isotope, and isotopic compositions of natural materials can be measured with great precision with a mass spectrometer. Isotopic compositions change in predictable ways as elements cycle through the biosphere. These changes have been exploited by geochemists to understand the global elemental cycles. Ecologists have not until quite recently employed these techniques. The reasons for this are, first, that most ecologists do not have the background in chemistry and geochemistry to be fully aware of the possibilities for exploiting the natural variations in stable isotopic compositions, and second, that stable isotope ratio measurements require equipment not normally available to ecologists. This is unfortunate because some of the more intractable problems in ecology can be profitably addressed using stable isotope measurements. Stable isotopes are ideally suited to increase our understanding of element cycles in ecosystems. This review is written for ecologists who would like to learn more about how stable isotope analyses have been and can be used in ecosystem studies. We begin with an explanation of isotope terminology and fractionation, then summarize isotopic distributions in the C, N, and S biogeochemical cycles, and conclude with five case studies that show how stable isotope measurements can provide crucial information for ecosystem analysis. We restrict this review to studies of natural variations in C, N, and S isotopic abundances, cxcluding from consideration ~5N enrichment studies and hydrogen and oxygen isotope studies. Our focus on C, N, and S derives in part from our

Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies

Aquatic chemistry is becoming both a rewarding and substantial area of inquiry and is drawing many prominent scientists to its fold. Its literature has changed from a compilation of compositional tables to studies of the chemical reactions occurring within the aquatic environments. But more than this is the recognition that human society in part is determining the nature of aquatic systems. Since rivers deliver to the world ocean most of its dissolved and particulate components, the interactions of these two sets of waters determine the vitality of our coastal waters. This significant vol ume provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains. Its very title provides its emphasis but clearly not its breadth in considering natural processes. The book will be of great value to those environmental scientists who are dedicated to keeping the resources of the hydrosphere renewable. As the size of the world population becomes larger in the near future and as the uses of materials and energy show parallel increases, the rivers and oceans must be considered as a resource to accept some of the wastes of society. The ability of these waters and the sediments below them to accommodate wastes must be assessed continually. The key questions relate to the capacities of aqueous systems to carry one or more pollutants."

Metal pollution in the aquatic environment

We review the biogeography of microorganisms in light of the biogeography of macroorganisms A large body of research supports the idea that free-living microbial taxa exhibit biogeographic patterns Current evidence confirms that, as proposed by the Baas-Becking hypothesis, 'the environment selects' and is, in part, responsible for spatial variation in microbial diversity However, recent studies also dispute the idea that 'everything is everywhere' We also consider how the processes that generate and maintain biogeographic patterns in macroorganisms could operate in the microbial world

/pdf/microbial-biogeography-putting-microorganisms-on-the-map-1k7e5do5pn.pdf

Microbial biogeography : putting microorganisms on the map

http://www.people.vcu.edu/%7erbfranklin/pdf%20of%20publications%20(make%20links%20to%20us)/Franklin%20&%20Mills%20(FEMS%202003).pdf

Multi-scale variation in spatial heterogeneity for microbial community structure in an eastern Virginia agricultural field.

Soil Microbial Ecology-Applications in Agricultural and Environmental Management

Several media designed for use in a most probable number (MPN) determination of petroleum-degrading microorganisms were compared The best results, ie, largest numbers, were obtained using a buff

Enumeration of petroleum-degrading marine and estuarine microorganisms by the most probable number method.

Carbon, nitrogen, D"C, D"N, amino acid composition and OIL-amino acid ratios were measured during the early stages of decomposition of seagrass and mangrove leaves in two south florida estuaries. Isotopic compositions for plants and associated consumers were consistent within an estuary. Ouring decomposition seagrasses showed little change in D'3C, 15 IsN, but showed an increase in the OIL ratio of certain of the amino acids. Mangroves show little D'3C change but marked reduction in D"N, and an increase in the OIL ratio ofthe amino acids. The percentage of total N accounted for by amino acids decreased in the seagrasses over the term of the experiment, but increased for the mangroves. These data suggest a different mode of decomposition for mangroves and seagrasses when decaying under similar conditions. The D"C of consumers is closely coupled to the dominant carbon source in each

Role of seagrasses and mangroves in estuarine food webs: temporal and spatial changes in stable isotope composition and amino acid content during decomposition

The effect of retention time on redox sequences along the hydrological flow path of groundwater discharging through low-relief coastal stream sediments and the subsequent impact on the fate of NO3  carried in the groundwater was examined in two intact cores. Rates of denitrification were determined for the organic-rich streambedsediments, and a macroscopic, multispecies, reactive transport model based on multiple Monod kinetics was developed to interpret and extend the experimental results. Regionalized sensitivity analysis and parameter estimation were used to determine a set of parameters that best describe the experimental data for one column. The calibrated model successfully replicated the spatial profiles of nitrate under both steady and transient conditions in the second column operated under different conditions. A dimensionless form of the model was used to examine how coupled biogeochemical reactions and hydrological transport processes operate within the stream sediments could be understood in terms of Peclet (ratio of advection to dispersion) and Damkohler numbers (the ratio ofthe characteristic time of transport to the characteristic time for reaction). At the study site, the Peclet number and the Damkohler numbers for both oxygen and nitrate are high (Pe = 25, DaN = 47.5, and DaO = 40). When Pe > 5, Damkohler numbers explain observed variations in nitrate removal rates; as the flow rate increases, the solute residence time in the reactive zone is shortened resulting in a lesser extent of reaction, such that more NO3  is delivered to the stream water.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2007WR006027

Nitrate Reduction In Streambed Sediments: Effects Of Flow And Biogeochemical Kinetics

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