Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistics for Spatial Data.

The use of stable isotopes to solve biogeochemical problems in ecosystem analysis is increasing rapidly because stable isotope data can contribute both source-sink (tracer) and process information: The elements C, N, S, H, and all have more than one isotope, and isotopic compositions of natural materials can be measured with great precision with a mass spectrometer. Isotopic compositions change in predictable ways as elements cycle through the biosphere. These changes have been exploited by geochemists to understand the global elemental cycles. Ecologists have not until quite recently employed these techniques. The reasons for this are, first, that most ecologists do not have the background in chemistry and geochemistry to be fully aware of the possibilities for exploiting the natural variations in stable isotopic compositions, and second, that stable isotope ratio measurements require equipment not normally available to ecologists. This is unfortunate because some of the more intractable problems in ecology can be profitably addressed using stable isotope measurements. Stable isotopes are ideally suited to increase our understanding of element cycles in ecosystems. This review is written for ecologists who would like to learn more about how stable isotope analyses have been and can be used in ecosystem studies. We begin with an explanation of isotope terminology and fractionation, then summarize isotopic distributions in the C, N, and S biogeochemical cycles, and conclude with five case studies that show how stable isotope measurements can provide crucial information for ecosystem analysis. We restrict this review to studies of natural variations in C, N, and S isotopic abundances, cxcluding from consideration ~5N enrichment studies and hydrogen and oxygen isotope studies. Our focus on C, N, and S derives in part from our

Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies

Aquatic chemistry is becoming both a rewarding and substantial area of inquiry and is drawing many prominent scientists to its fold. Its literature has changed from a compilation of compositional tables to studies of the chemical reactions occurring within the aquatic environments. But more than this is the recognition that human society in part is determining the nature of aquatic systems. Since rivers deliver to the world ocean most of its dissolved and particulate components, the interactions of these two sets of waters determine the vitality of our coastal waters. This significant vol ume provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains. Its very title provides its emphasis but clearly not its breadth in considering natural processes. The book will be of great value to those environmental scientists who are dedicated to keeping the resources of the hydrosphere renewable. As the size of the world population becomes larger in the near future and as the uses of materials and energy show parallel increases, the rivers and oceans must be considered as a resource to accept some of the wastes of society. The ability of these waters and the sediments below them to accommodate wastes must be assessed continually. The key questions relate to the capacities of aqueous systems to carry one or more pollutants."

Metal pollution in the aquatic environment

We review the biogeography of microorganisms in light of the biogeography of macroorganisms A large body of research supports the idea that free-living microbial taxa exhibit biogeographic patterns Current evidence confirms that, as proposed by the Baas-Becking hypothesis, 'the environment selects' and is, in part, responsible for spatial variation in microbial diversity However, recent studies also dispute the idea that 'everything is everywhere' We also consider how the processes that generate and maintain biogeographic patterns in macroorganisms could operate in the microbial world

/pdf/microbial-biogeography-putting-microorganisms-on-the-map-1k7e5do5pn.pdf

Microbial biogeography : putting microorganisms on the map

Unsaturated column experiments on an intact soil core were conducted under two different soil pressure heads, -8 and -19 cm, to characterize chemical sorption and desorption for hydroxyatrazine. Breakthrough curves for 3 H 2 O were similar under the different experimental conditions. The advection-dispersion transport model described 3 H 2 O transport well with Peclet numbers of 0.17 and 0.21, respectively. The transport of hydroxyatrazine, a common degradation product of atrazine, was slightly enhanced at the -8 cm head relative to the -19 cm head (84% vs 79% mass recovery). A model that describes sorption with a single rate coefficient and desorption as a distribution of rate coefficients fits the hydroxyatrazine breakthrough curve well. The strong similarities in transport properties at different soil-water tensions suggests that water and contaminants can be transported through macroporous soils across a range of moisture conditions in the vadose zone in agricultural fields.

https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.files/fileID/12679

Rate-Limited Transport of Hydroxyatrazine in an Unsaturated Soil

The ability of the community level physiological profiling approach to analyzing microbial community structure was examined in a constructed community. Four bacterial strains, characterized by BIOLOG®-GN profiles, were combined into 2 communities which were maintained for 7 weeks on 2% wheat residue in distilled water with 10% daily removal and replenishment of medium, after 3 weeks incubation, aeration was stopped for 5 days. Although the abundance of all the isolates decreased during the perturbation, all the strains persisted throughout the experiments. Only 80% of functions lost during perturbation were recovered afterward. Persistence of strains in a community did not guarantee persistence of metabolic functions which those strains could perform.

Strain and Function Stability in Gnotobiotic Reactors

The Role of Bacteria in Environmental Geochemistry

Many impoundments are becoming acidified by acid precipitaion (AP) and acid mine drainage (AMD). Because of its more dilute constitution, AP is not expected to significantly affect microbial processes in mesotrophic or eutrophic impoundments, although some reduction in heterotrophic activity might be expected in oligotrophic situations. AMD can cause extensive alteration of the microbial community and associated functions. The input of sulfate in the pollution tends to enhance bacterial sulfate reduction in the anaerobic waters and sediments of the impoundment. Sulfate reduction generates carbonate alkalinity which can effectively neutralize the acid pollution if the alkalinity is not consumed by CO2 fixation during reoxidation of the reduced sulfur species. Presence of reduced iron precipitates the sulfides preventing diffusion into the oxic zones. Bacterial sulfate reduction represents an important homeostatic mechanism in acidified impoundments, and should be explored as a possible management tool for impoundments acidified by AP or AMD.

Microbial ecology and acidic pollution of impoundments

The geochemical effects of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) biodegradation

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