Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistics for Spatial Data.

The use of stable isotopes to solve biogeochemical problems in ecosystem analysis is increasing rapidly because stable isotope data can contribute both source-sink (tracer) and process information: The elements C, N, S, H, and all have more than one isotope, and isotopic compositions of natural materials can be measured with great precision with a mass spectrometer. Isotopic compositions change in predictable ways as elements cycle through the biosphere. These changes have been exploited by geochemists to understand the global elemental cycles. Ecologists have not until quite recently employed these techniques. The reasons for this are, first, that most ecologists do not have the background in chemistry and geochemistry to be fully aware of the possibilities for exploiting the natural variations in stable isotopic compositions, and second, that stable isotope ratio measurements require equipment not normally available to ecologists. This is unfortunate because some of the more intractable problems in ecology can be profitably addressed using stable isotope measurements. Stable isotopes are ideally suited to increase our understanding of element cycles in ecosystems. This review is written for ecologists who would like to learn more about how stable isotope analyses have been and can be used in ecosystem studies. We begin with an explanation of isotope terminology and fractionation, then summarize isotopic distributions in the C, N, and S biogeochemical cycles, and conclude with five case studies that show how stable isotope measurements can provide crucial information for ecosystem analysis. We restrict this review to studies of natural variations in C, N, and S isotopic abundances, cxcluding from consideration ~5N enrichment studies and hydrogen and oxygen isotope studies. Our focus on C, N, and S derives in part from our

Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies

Aquatic chemistry is becoming both a rewarding and substantial area of inquiry and is drawing many prominent scientists to its fold. Its literature has changed from a compilation of compositional tables to studies of the chemical reactions occurring within the aquatic environments. But more than this is the recognition that human society in part is determining the nature of aquatic systems. Since rivers deliver to the world ocean most of its dissolved and particulate components, the interactions of these two sets of waters determine the vitality of our coastal waters. This significant vol ume provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains. Its very title provides its emphasis but clearly not its breadth in considering natural processes. The book will be of great value to those environmental scientists who are dedicated to keeping the resources of the hydrosphere renewable. As the size of the world population becomes larger in the near future and as the uses of materials and energy show parallel increases, the rivers and oceans must be considered as a resource to accept some of the wastes of society. The ability of these waters and the sediments below them to accommodate wastes must be assessed continually. The key questions relate to the capacities of aqueous systems to carry one or more pollutants."

Metal pollution in the aquatic environment

We review the biogeography of microorganisms in light of the biogeography of macroorganisms A large body of research supports the idea that free-living microbial taxa exhibit biogeographic patterns Current evidence confirms that, as proposed by the Baas-Becking hypothesis, 'the environment selects' and is, in part, responsible for spatial variation in microbial diversity However, recent studies also dispute the idea that 'everything is everywhere' We also consider how the processes that generate and maintain biogeographic patterns in macroorganisms could operate in the microbial world

/pdf/microbial-biogeography-putting-microorganisms-on-the-map-1k7e5do5pn.pdf

Microbial biogeography : putting microorganisms on the map

We present a mathematical model of the diffusive flux of methane through Peltandra virginica. Data on the diurnal changes in both the petiolar [CH[sub 4]] gradient and the values of the radial bulk exchange coefficient, E[sub r], are entirely consistent with this model and the assertion that changes in stomatal conductance regulate the rate of methane efflux in P. virginica. the differences between the values of E[sub r] calculated for daytime and nighttime conditions are -40% for the submerged condition and -54% for the emergent condition. The axial diffusivity of CH[sub 4] through the petiole of P. virginica is estimated in vitro to be 0.771 cm[sup 2] min[sup [minus]1]. Using our model, we estimate the equilibrium rate of methane efflux under daytime (97 ng CH[sub 4] min[sup [minus]1] petiole[sup [minus]1]) and nighttime (65 ng CH[sub 4] min[sup [minus]1] petiole[sup [minus]1]) emergent conditions. Numerical solution of the model equations in the time domain offer a way of providing a dynamic model of the gas exchange responses of P. virginica to changing environmental conditions. 29 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.

Methane flux in Peltandra virginica (Araceae) wetlands: comparison of field data with a mathematical model

A direct microscopic count technique employing fluorescein isothiocyanate stain was used to compare microbial colonization on the exposed surfaces of rocks and minerals suspended in several ponds for various time intervals. Hematitic sandstone was never colonized at a rate greater than limestone, but quartz was always colonized more rapidly than calcite. The use of single-crystal minerals (quartz and calcite) in a nested factor experiment showed that the effect of the minerals on colonization was statistically significant, but that differences among the immersion sites were also significant. Sandstone samples placed in a pond outflow accumulated microbial colonizers more rapidly than those placed in the still waters of the same pond. The results indicate that the composition of the mineral substrate, in concert with the immersion environment, controls the formation of primary slime layers in aquatic systems.

Effect of mineral composition on bacterial attachment to submerged rock surfaces

Biogeochemical cycles are critical parts of life itself—if elements do not cycle, life will grind to a halt, with essential elements being buried. Recycling of the elements allows for their reappearance in the food web to be used again and again, thereby allowing life to replenish itself. A simple example of this is shown in Fig. 1 for the carbon cycle, in which energy flow on Earth is diagrammatically linked to the carbon cycle. In this diagram we see the two major sources of energy on the planet (photic energy and geothermal energy) linked to life directly (through photosynthesis) and indirectly (through conversion of geothermal energy to reduced substrates that are used for lithotrophic metabolism). Both processes lead to the “fixation” or reduction of CO2 to organic carbon—e.g., the conversion of carbon dioxide into biomass. The organic carbon is then recycled to the atmosphere via respiration by carbon-oxidizing bacteria and eukaryotes.

The Importance of Viable but Nonculturable Bacteria in Biogeochemistry

Microbial Decomposition of Species of Freshwater Planktonic Algae

http://envismadrasuniv.org/Microbes%20and%20Radionuclide%20Pollution/pdf/Biodegradation%20of%20cobalt%96citrate%20complexes.pdf

Biodegradation of cobalt–citrate complexes: Implications for cobalt mobility in groundwater

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