Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistics for Spatial Data.

The use of stable isotopes to solve biogeochemical problems in ecosystem analysis is increasing rapidly because stable isotope data can contribute both source-sink (tracer) and process information: The elements C, N, S, H, and all have more than one isotope, and isotopic compositions of natural materials can be measured with great precision with a mass spectrometer. Isotopic compositions change in predictable ways as elements cycle through the biosphere. These changes have been exploited by geochemists to understand the global elemental cycles. Ecologists have not until quite recently employed these techniques. The reasons for this are, first, that most ecologists do not have the background in chemistry and geochemistry to be fully aware of the possibilities for exploiting the natural variations in stable isotopic compositions, and second, that stable isotope ratio measurements require equipment not normally available to ecologists. This is unfortunate because some of the more intractable problems in ecology can be profitably addressed using stable isotope measurements. Stable isotopes are ideally suited to increase our understanding of element cycles in ecosystems. This review is written for ecologists who would like to learn more about how stable isotope analyses have been and can be used in ecosystem studies. We begin with an explanation of isotope terminology and fractionation, then summarize isotopic distributions in the C, N, and S biogeochemical cycles, and conclude with five case studies that show how stable isotope measurements can provide crucial information for ecosystem analysis. We restrict this review to studies of natural variations in C, N, and S isotopic abundances, cxcluding from consideration ~5N enrichment studies and hydrogen and oxygen isotope studies. Our focus on C, N, and S derives in part from our

Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies

Aquatic chemistry is becoming both a rewarding and substantial area of inquiry and is drawing many prominent scientists to its fold. Its literature has changed from a compilation of compositional tables to studies of the chemical reactions occurring within the aquatic environments. But more than this is the recognition that human society in part is determining the nature of aquatic systems. Since rivers deliver to the world ocean most of its dissolved and particulate components, the interactions of these two sets of waters determine the vitality of our coastal waters. This significant vol ume provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains. Its very title provides its emphasis but clearly not its breadth in considering natural processes. The book will be of great value to those environmental scientists who are dedicated to keeping the resources of the hydrosphere renewable. As the size of the world population becomes larger in the near future and as the uses of materials and energy show parallel increases, the rivers and oceans must be considered as a resource to accept some of the wastes of society. The ability of these waters and the sediments below them to accommodate wastes must be assessed continually. The key questions relate to the capacities of aqueous systems to carry one or more pollutants."

Metal pollution in the aquatic environment

We review the biogeography of microorganisms in light of the biogeography of macroorganisms A large body of research supports the idea that free-living microbial taxa exhibit biogeographic patterns Current evidence confirms that, as proposed by the Baas-Becking hypothesis, 'the environment selects' and is, in part, responsible for spatial variation in microbial diversity However, recent studies also dispute the idea that 'everything is everywhere' We also consider how the processes that generate and maintain biogeographic patterns in macroorganisms could operate in the microbial world

/pdf/microbial-biogeography-putting-microorganisms-on-the-map-1k7e5do5pn.pdf

Microbial biogeography : putting microorganisms on the map

The BLOLOG redox technology based on tetrazolium dye reduction as an indicator of sole-carbon-source utilization was evaluated as a rapid, community-level method to characterize and classify heterotrophic microbial communities. Direct incubation of whole environmental samples (aquatic, soil, and rhizosphere) in BIOLOG plates containing 95 separate carbon sources produced community-dependent patterns of sole-carbon-source utilization. Principal-component analysis of color responses quantified from digitized images of plates revealed distinctive patterns among microbial habitats and spatial gradients within soil and estuarine sites. Correlation of the original carbon source variables to the principal components gives a functional basis to distinctions among communities. Intensive spatial and temporal analysis of microbial communities with this technique can produce ecologically relevant classifications of heterotrophic microbial communities.

Classification and characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level sole-carbon-source utilization.

Section I: Introduction to Environmental Microbiology Section II: General Methodology Section III: Water Microbiology in Public Health Section IV: Aquatic Environments Section V: Soil, Rhizosphere and Phyllosphere Section VI: Subsurface and Landfills Section VII: Aerobiology Section VIII: Biotransformation and Biodegradation

Manual of environmental microbiology.

Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Third Edition

Aqueous pyrite oxidation by dissolved oxygen and by ferric iron

The authors studies of aqueous, abiotic pyrite oxidation in oxygen-saturated and anaerobic Fe(III)-saturated systems span pH values from 2 to 9 and include analyses of sulfite, thiosulfate, polythionates, and sulfate. In addition, they evaluated procedures for cleaning oxidation products from pyrite surfaces. As in silicate experiments, the preparation of the pyrite surface is critical to a valid interpretation of the onset of pyrite oxidation. The rates in oxygen-saturated systems (1) were relatively independent of pH, (2) gave linear sulfoxy anion production, (3) produced thiosulfate and polythionates at pH >3.9, and (4) produced intermediate sulfoxy anions only at high stirring rates. In anaerobic Fe(III)-saturated systems no intermediates were observed. From these results, along with the generally faster rate of oxidation in Fe(III)-saturated systems, we conclude that Fe(III) is the more important, direct oxidant of pyrite. This conclusion is supported by theoretical consideration regarding the low probability of a direct reaction between paramagnetic molecular oxygen and diamagnetic disulfide. The authors findings extend earlier models for the pyrite oxidation mechanism because of the larger range of experimental conditions that they have studied. Preliminary results from studies of sphalerite oxidation, in which they have found thiosulfate, support the hypothesis that thiosulfate is a keymore » intermediate related to the reaction mechanisms, independent of the bounding structure of the sulfide mineral.« less

Initiation of aqueous pyrite oxidation by dissolved oxygen and by ferric iron

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