The social behaviour of anuran amphibians

This paper reviews published literature on amphibians to examine predicted correlations between male combat and sexual dimorphism. Females grow larger than males in most species (61% of urodeles, 90% of anurans), but males are often larger than females in species in which males engage in physical combat with each other. Although amphibian male combat has been reported only rarely (in 19% of urodeles and 5% of anurans), the association between male combat and male body size equal to or larger than female body size is highly significant within the urodele suborders Salamandroidea (n = 25 spp.) and Ambystomatoidea (n = 46), in the urodeles as a whole (n = 79), in the anuran Dendrobatidae (n = 34) and Ranidae (n = 149), and in the anurans as a whole (n = 589). Similarly, large male size and the occurrence of male combat are highly correlated in a comparison between several anuran families. Spines and tusks of male anurans appear to be adaptations to male combat. Combat, large male size and sexually dimorphic weapons appear to be most common in species that are relatively invulnerable to predation while fighting, by virtue of large body size or toxic skin secretions. ia, 1979(2), p . 297-306

Sexual Selection and Sexual Dimorphism in the Amphibia

Although sexual interactions between species (reproductive interference) have been reported from a wide range of animal taxa, their potential for determining species coexistence is often disregarded. Here, we review evidence from laboratory and field studies illustrating that heterospecific sexual interactions are frequently associated with fitness loss and can have severe ecological and evolutionary consequences. We define reproductive interference as any kind of interspecific interaction during the process of mate acquisition that adversely affects the fitness of at least one of the species involved and that is caused by incomplete species recognition. We distinguish seven types of reproductive interference: signal jamming, heterospecific rivalry, misdirected courtship, heterospecific mating attempts, erroneous female choice, heterospecific mating, and hybridization. We then discuss the sex-specific costs of these types and highlight two typical features of reproductive interference: density-de...

https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/590510

Reproductive interference between animal species

Studies of the Life Histories and Reproduction in North American Plethodontid Salamanders.- Life History Patterns and Reproductive Biology of Neotropical Salamanders.- The Reproductive Biology of Caecilians: An Evolutionary Perspective.- Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Japanese Anurans.- The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in New World Salamanders with Some Comments on Old World Salamanders.- The Courtship of European Newts: An Evolutionary Perspective.- The Courtship of Frogs.- Long-Range Acoustic Communication in Anurans: An Integrated and Evolutionary Approach.- Acoustic Behavior and Physiology of Vocalization in the European Tree Frog, Hyla arborea (L.).- Auditory Processing of Vocal Signals in Anurans.- Hormonal Influences on Calling and Reproductive Behavior in Anurans.- Systematics and Hybridization in the Rana esculenta Complex.- Reproduction and Mating Behavior in Rana lessonae-Rana esculenta Mixed Populat ns.- Cytotaxonomy and Cytogenetics in European Newt Species.- Concluding Remarks.- Participants.- Systematic Index.

The reproductive biology of amphibians

Biparental care of offspring is both a form of cooperation and a source of conflict. Parents face a trade-off between current and future reproduction: caring less for the current brood allows individuals to maintain energy reserves and increase their chances of remating. How can selection maintain biparental care, given this temptation to defect? The answer lies in how parents respond to changes in each other’s effort. Game-theoretical models predict that biparental care is evolutionarily stable when reduced care by one parent leads its partner to increase care, but not so much that it completely compensates for the lost input. Experiments designed to reveal responses to reduced partner effort have mainly focused on birds. We present a meta-analysis of 54 such studies, and conclude that the mean response was indeed partial compensation. Males and females responded differently and this was in part mediated by the type of manipulation used.

/pdf/how-is-sexual-conflict-over-parental-care-resolved-a-meta-2r0nn27awf.pdf

How is sexual conflict over parental care resolved? A meta-analysis

Acoustic interaction between two species of leptodactylid frogs

Conditions of captivity of primates used in biomedical research may have deleterious effects on the welfare of the animals and consequently on the reliability of the research. We investigated the effects of cage size and cage complexity, two fundamental characteristics of captive conditions, on the behaviour of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). We found an increase in the general level of activity and significant variation in the frequencies of specific behaviours with an increase in cage size and also with cage complexity. Stereotyped behaviours, which occurred in the small cages, were never exhibited in the large cages. The effect of the novelty of the changed conditions was also assessed and found to be significant for some behaviours. We also measured the time taken to capture an animal, a task frequently performed by the animal technician, under the various cage conditions. Capture time increased significantly in the larger cages, but the overall effect of the changes to the marmosets' housing conditions on the animal technician's work was not regarded as substantial. We conclude that the welfare of captive marmosets is enhanced by the provision of larger and more complex cages, and that such cages do not significantly affect the efficiency of the research laboratory.

The effects of cage size and complexity on the behaviour of captive common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus jacchus:

On the basis of the presence of a call distinct from that of Crinia laevis (Gunther) and the absence of hybrids in sympatry, the species C. victoriana Boulenger is reestablished. A detailed account of the morphology, breeding biology, life history, and geographical distribution of these species is given. Their zoogeographical position in relation to the Bassian subregion is considered and a possible pattern of speciation advanced.

The Crinia laevis complex (Anura : Leptodactylidae) in south-eastern Australia

Uperoleia Gray is a genus of small, fossorial leptodactylid frogs inhabiting northern and eastern Australia and southern New Guinea The genus is redefined here on the basis of osteological, myological, biological and external characteristics, and included are all species referred formerly to Glauertia Loveridge The species fimbrianus Parker is resurrected from the synonymy of U rugosa; seven species are redefined, and nine new species are described A lectotype of U laevigata Keferstein is designated Particular attention is devoted to the fauna of the north-west of the continent, and a key has been prepared to assist in identification of the 13 species occurring in that area Several species exhibit osteological and myological characters of a paedomorphic nature, for example; the exposure of the frontoparietal fontanelle and the arrested development of the intermandibularis muscle

Australian frogs of the leptodactylid genus Uperoleia Gray

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-94-009-8629-9_47.pdf

The amphibia: Diversity and distribution

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