Non-destructive testing techniques

Design and evaluation of an integrated FRP composite wicket gate

In this thesis a feasibility study is performed for the design of fibre reinforeed polymer (FRP-) slides to replace the steel slides in the Eastern Scheldt storm surge harrier. The advantage of using FRP-slides is the far better corrosion resistance then in case of using steel. For the design different variants of FRP-slides have been investigated from which the box-girder variant was the most promising. The variant, where the deflections are critical, the use of carbon fibres in the FRP and pre-cambering of the slide is necessary. The variant where the deflections are not the limiting factor, cheaper glass fibres can be used in the FRP, but this option needs extra adjustments on the concrete structure. This last option is worked out in more detail, because this option offers some long term advantages. Also a life cycle analysis (LCA) is carried out to compare the investment costs of an FRP-slide with the maintenance costs of the current barrier. This LCA shows that the life cycle costs of an FRP slide are much lower over 100 years then for a steel slide. The payback time of an FRP-slide is between 40 and 50 years.

Feasibility study on fibre reinforced polymer slides in the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier

Fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are becoming a more commonly used building material in many civil engineering applications including locks. One quality of FRPs is the fact that it has a high strength to weight ratio. By applying FRPs in rolling lock gate design, the self-weight of the gate could be significantly reduced. This in turn could lead to less wear-and-tear to the support carriages, mechanical parts and rails. Self-weight is also an important factor in the stability of a rolling lock gate. A minimum weight is required to counter the moment caused by horizontal loads during opening and closing. If FRPs were to be applied in rolling lock gates an optimization of lightweight versus stability will be required. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the technical feasibility of the FRP rolling lock gate and how the gates design is affected by the stability criteria. Also, the question remains if the FRP design can compete with traditional materials, for example steel. To quantify the problem a case study was chosen: New Lock Terneuzen. A rolling lock gate is set to be constructed to improve the connection between Ghent-Terneuzen. The rolling gates will be very large, with a span of 55 m and a height of approximately 26 m. Initially, the rolling gate is designed with a box shape. The global dimensions of the box gate are determined with a hand calculation based on the boundary conditions and design input from the chosen case study. Basic strength, deflection and stability checks are performed. The box gate is dimensioned in both FRP and steel. The following dimensions are found for the FRP box gate: Width of 8.96 m, with retaining plates: skin:280 mm, core: 200 mm and webs: skin: 200 mm, core: 200 mm. The dimensions found with the hand calculation serve as input for a 3D model of the design. The model is created with Scia Engineer. With this software the gate is checked with finite element analysis. Some additional checks, fatigue and creep, are performed. The box gate model is adjusted to resemble the gate during movement. This is achieved by changing the supports, leaving the top right corner unsupported. In addition to a 3D stability check of the designed box gate, the width between the supports, representing the carriage width, is varied (from 0.5 to 12 m) and the impact on the stability is evaluated. This impact is quantified by the required dead weight to guarantee stability. All the results are used to come up with potential improvements or alternatives to the box gate design. The main objective being a gate with increased stability, which is again quantified by the overweight required. A number of ideas are discussed, where optimizing the shape of the gate is explored further. It is found that the required dead weight to achieve stability increased for all evaluated shapes. The main reason is the distribution of the stabilizing moment, which is split up in a horizontal and vertical component. The shape changes result in an shift from horizontal to vertical, which in turn results in more dead weight required to meet the stability criteria. The application of FRP in rolling gate design is technically feasible. However from a stability point of view it’s questionable if FRP is the better choice over traditional materials. In the chosen case study, the amount dead weight required to fulfil the stability criteria is significant, and the lightweight quality of FRP cannot be fully taken advantage of. Laminates are designed much thicker when compared to the dimensions required to meet strength and deflection criteria. In other words, material is added primarily for the sake of adding weight. Reducing the required dead weight was proven to be much harder than anticipated. Even though a wide base gives a larger arm for the vertical couple, which would lead to a smaller force at an equal moment, the required weight is not necessarily reduced. The applied loads, shape of the gate, location of supports and deflections all affect the distribution of loads over the supports, both horizontal and vertical, of the gate. In a structure of this scale, even small differences can have a significant impact on the stability of the gate and the dead weight required to achieve this stability. The required dead weight to meet the stability criteria must be brought down in order for FRP to be a viable option.

/pdf/analysis-of-a-rolling-frp-lock-gate-stability-during-4wjhjxu07n.pdf

Analysis of a rolling FRP lock gate: + stability during movement

In 1986 werd in Zeeland de Oosterscheldekering officieel in gebruik genomen door H. M. Koningin Beatrix. De levensduur van de kering werd vastgesteld op 200 jaar voor de pijlers en 80 tot100 jaar voor de stalen schuiven. De stalen schuiven werderi met een speciale coating behandeld om weerstand te kunnen bieden aan het zoute water. De schuiven zouden af en toe opnieuw gecoat moeten worden zodat de levensduur kon worden gegarandeerd. Na enige jaren bleek dat het corrosie-proces veel meer effect had op de coating van de schuiven. Het onderhoud van de schuiven diende veel vaker gepleegd te worden dan van te voren was berekend. Het onderhoud vindt nu zelfs constant plaats. Aangezien dit een grote stijging van de onderhoudskosten met zich meebrengt is het misschien aantrekkelijker om nieuwe schuiven voor de kering te ontwerpen die veel minder onderhoud met zich meebrengen. Een materiaal dat niet aan corrosie onderhevig is een glasvezelversterkte kunststof In dit afstudeerproject is onderzoek gedaan naar de haalbaarheid van een nieuw te ontwerpen schuif van glasvezelversterkte kunststof Dit onderzoek bestaat globaal uit drie onderdelen. Eerst zijn alle van belang zijnde aspecten en kenmerken van verschillende kunststoffen en glasvezels onderzocht om tot een goede materiaalkeuze voor de schuiven te komen. Daama is bekeken hoe glasvezelversterkte kunststoffen het beste belast kunnen worden waardoor inzicht werd verkregen in de mogelijkheden om met glasvezelversterkte kunststoffen te construeren. Tenslotte zijn er verschillende altematieven voor een ontwerp van de schuiven gegenereerd en daama geevalueerd zodat er een definitiefontwerp voor de schuiven is ontstaan. Hiermee wordt het mogelijk om de huidige stalen schuiven te vervangen. Er zijn een aantal aspecten die nader onderzocht dienen te worden zoals de verbindingsmethode van de verschillende constructie onderdelen en de manier waarop de produktie moet worden georganiseerd. Verder is er een globale kosten berekening gemaakt. Vooral de kosten van de produktie zijn moeilijk te bepalen omdat de produktie speciaal voor dit ontwerp moet worden opgezet.

/pdf/glasvezelversterkte-kunststof-schuiven-als-alternatief-voor-1t8d7ra2rq.pdf

Glasvezelversterkte kunststof schuiven als alternatief voor de schuiven in de Oosterscheldekering

/pdf/feasibility-study-on-the-application-of-fiber-reinforced-45iswaamfo.pdf

Feasibility study on the application of fiber-reinforced polymers in large lock gates

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Feasibility study on the application of fiber-reinforced polymers in large lock gates