Designer carbon nanotubes for contaminant removal in water and wastewater: A critical review

Purpose Constructed soils are Technosols resulting from the deliberate combination of various artefacts. Similarly to natural soils, technogenic parent materials are transformed by pedogenic factors contributing to their evolution. This work was conducted to study the first stages of the pedogenesis of constructed soils. Materials and methods Two soils were constructed in lysimetric plots (10 × 10 m) using an engineering process by the combination of paper-mill sludge, thermally treated soil material and green waste compost. Evolution of the soil profiles, composition of soils and leachates were studied for 3 years. Results and discussion A strong evolution of the profiles was observed over the 3 years with rapid changes in the number and characteristics of the horizons. Significant changes in chemical weathering (decarbonatisation) and physical status (aggregation), i.e. processes similar to those occurring in natural soils were observed. Other processes specific to the technogenic materials were recorded, e.g. massive dissolution of gypsum or drainage of constitutive water. Apart from constructed Technosols classification, prediction was made on their future pedogenic evolution. Conclusions Constructed Technosols made of finely divided reactive organic and mineral compounds were observed to evolve quickly. Evidences of original pedogenic processes have been highlighted that could be considered as a general diagnostic characteristic of Technosols. Finally, some considerations about the application of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources to the classification of Technosols are proposed, taking into account some aspects of their pedogenesis that have been highlighted by our work.

Early pedogenic evolution of constructed Technosols

Microorganisms inhabiting mine tailings require specific metabolic strategies to survive, which may hold potential for pollution clean up. Effective in situ bioremediation will rely on an in-depth understanding of the function of the bacterial communities, especially the abundant and metabolically active phylotypes. In this study, the bacterial communities collected from an alkaline tailing site were profiled by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing as well as shotgun metagenomic analysis. Our results indicated that potentials for carbon and nitrogen fixation as well as metal resistance and transformation were widespread among the bacterial community members, especially in highly enriched phylotypes, such as members of Thiobacillus and Meiothermus. Important functional microbial guilds including carbon and nitrogen fixers may contribute to phytoremediation by providing nutrients for hyperaccumulator plants. In addition, metal-metabolizing bacteria may influence metal speciation and solubility. This discovery ...

Bacterial Survival Strategies in an Alkaline Tailing Site and the Physiological Mechanisms of Dominant Phylotypes As Revealed by Metagenomic Analyses

Aided phytostabilisation reduces metal toxicity, improves soil fertility and enhances microbial activity in Cu-rich mine tailings

Base metal tailings (BMTs) are normally sulfidic and contain high abundance of residue metals. Their adverse impacts on the environment can last for decades to centuries if without appropriate stabilization. While in situ phytostabilization has been thought to be a promising approach to stabilize surface tailings, few studies have reported success in constructing a sustainable plant community in BMTs so far, implying that a new paradigm involving a sophisticated understanding of the nature of BMTs is needed for BMTs phytostabilization. Using a property database of BMTs worldwide built in this study as a backdrop, this review explores how BMTs are different from normal soils and how these differences influence the strategies of BMTs phytostabilization. It is found that BMTs are mineralogically and chemically different from natural soils, which endows BMTs with unstable geochemistry and inherent extreme toxicity. Studies have documented that amendment options and soil development in BMTs phytostabilization ...

Toward a New Paradigm for Tailings Phytostabilization—Nature of the Substrates, Amendment Options, and Anthropogenic Pedogenesis

https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1035794/85825_geoderma.pdf

Amendments with organic and industrial wastes stimulate soil formation in mine tailings as revealed by micromorphology

The Cartagena–La Union Mining District in southeast Spain is an example of a lead-polluted site that exhibits a wide range of environmental problems. Risks associated with the high concentrations of heavy metals present, especially lead, and their large affected surface areas make such sites excellent candidates for phytostabilization. However, for the Cartagena–La Union Mining District, there were several factors, including the chemical and physical properties of the soil and the warm, semiarid climate, that made revegetation a very difficult task.

Phytostabilization of Lead-Polluted Sites by Native Plants

Recommendations for the phytostabilization of acidic mine tailings from SE Spain.

The Mining District of Cartagena-La Union (SE Spain), mined since the Roman period, exhibits high levels of metal contamination and this poses a great risk to the surrounding environment. This chapter presents the results of the application of geophysical, geochemical and hydrological techniques in two mine ponds located in this area. Its aim is to determine their degree of contamination by heavy metal, to evaluate risks of mobility and dispersion of heavy metals, to study the erosive capacity of the runoff, and to discuss geotechnical stability of the ponds. Metal contents found in the ponds show that although the Descargador pond is more vulnerable to oxidation and leaching processes than Encontrada, they both could be considered polluted due to their high metal concentrations. When materials from the Descargador pond are exposed to adverse weather conditions they can be eroded, while in the Encontrada pond most of the surface is covered by a natural soil layer and vegetation which protects it against erosion. In the former, it is recommended to apply some conservation measures, including the addition of alkaline materials, natural soil and organic matter. In the latter, it is recommended to improve the present conditions in order to control acidification and to minimize risks of landslides and transport of highly contaminated materials.

Roman Mining Landscapes in the Murcia Region, SE Spain: Risk Assessment of Mine Ponds

Organic and inorganic pollutants affecting the soil quality in southeast of Spain: a comparative study.

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