A theoretical model of the pre-arcing behaviour of open fuse wire in air is presented. The model is based on the solution of the heat-transfer equation and accounts for axial thermal conduction, radial thermal radiation and free convection as the major heat-loss mechanisms, and Joule heating as the major heat source. The effect of thermal expansion of the wire is included. The results show that for short pre-arcing times, the heat loss from the fuse wire is negligible, but as fusing times increase, the radiation and free convection become the major heat-loss mechanisms. The theoretical results are compared with the measurements of the fusing time of copper fuse wires for currents ranging from severe fault conditions, with fusing times of the order of milliseconds, to low overcurrents with fusing times of the order of seconds. The transient and the steady-state temperatures for various currents obtained through the model are in good agreement with the measured values. The model is also used to compute the axial temperature distribution along the fuse wire. Finally, a sound agreement between the convection-loss values obtained through experiments on fuse wire in vacuum and air and those obtained through the empirical procedures used in the theory lends support to the validity of the latter.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/20/10/005/pdf

Pre-arcing behaviour of open fuse wire

This works deals with calculations of pre-arcing time prediction for fuse links used in industrial protection circuits in case of heavy faults-currents An enthalpy method to solve heat-transfer equation included two phase-changes is presented The mathematical model couples thermal and electrical equations based on the principle of energy conservation and the Ohm's law respectively In order to determine current density and temperature evolution in the fuses, three typical fuse links have been chosen for the calculations with circular, rectangular and trapezoidal reduced sections at their centre Silver physical properties, mathematical equations and the numerical method are reported Calculations results show that for the fuse link with rectangular reduced section a major heat-transfer mechanism took place compared to the other ones

Numerical method for pre-arcing times: Application in HBC fuses with heavy fault-currents

The heating of notched fuse elements under a.c. short-circuit conditions has been studied, using finite-difference methods to solve for the transient current and temperature distributions in the element. The method gave good agreement with experimental results. A comparison of the behaviour with that of a uniform-section element described in a companion paper shows that there are significant differences. In particular, the notched element shows large discontinuities in the time/current characteristic, and a wide variation in prearcing I2t, depending on the circuit parameters.

A.C. short-circuit performance of notched fuse elements

Electrical needs are continously growing because of many various factors linked to increasing consumption and a green perception. This development - geographical, increasing production, growth of transport network, interconnection of continental networks, diversity of the transport technologies ... - can not be dissociated from electrical safety considerations whatever the voltage level. For the three main levels of electric network - High Voltage, Middle Voltage and Low Voltage - one has to provide efficient electrical safety techniques or schemas which integrate different electrical safety apparatus. Among well-known apparatus we can cite SF6 breakers, HV and MV switchgears (such as MV cells, MV and LV high current vacuum switchgears), and fuses. Electrical fuses are especially used in the MV and LV domains, sometimes as an additional safety device and sometimes as the main electrical safety component which is linked to the electrical current breaking function of electric fuse. In the paper, we will quickly depict the various kinds of electric fuses. We will especially focuss on the physical mechanisms - whatever the type of work, experimental, theoretical, modelling or empirical - prevailing during the pre-arcing period of the electric fuse operation.

Electric fuses operation, a review: 1. Pre-arcing period

Developments in the analysis of current-limiting fuse operation have resulted in new designs of fuse becoming available. These designs are compared to earlier types, and new methods of construction are discussed. These include the use of nonsilver fuse elements and new fuse filler techniques. New methods of testing motor circuit fuses are explained, and fuse application techniques in general are covered. The area of transformer through-fault protection, to be addressed in a forthcoming ANSI Guide, is also considered. A brief discussion of future developments in fuse technology is also given.

New Application Flexibility for Medium-Voltage Current-Limiting Fuses

The complex nature of heat flow within a modern current-limiting fuselink precludes direct analysis using classical techniques. This paper describes a method which has been developed for determining the prearcing and steady-state behaviour of such devices. It uses a finite difference technique and is numerical, the calculations being performed by a digital computer. Examples of current and temperature distributions found for some fuse-links are given, and comparisons of calculated and test results for fuselink-clearance times are shown.

Analysis of high-rupturing-capacity fuselink prearcing phenomena by a finite-difference method

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Analysis of high-rupturing-capacity fuselink prearcing phenomena by a finite-difference method