Winter 2018 major sudden stratospheric warming impact on midlatitude mesosphere by microwave radiometer measurements

In this paper, a comparison of the impact of major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) in the Arctic in February 2018 (SSW1) and January 2019 (SSW2) on the mid-latitude mesosphere is given. The mesospheric carbon monoxide (CO) and zonal wind in these two major SSW events were observed at altitudes of 70–85 km using a microwave radiometer (MWR) at Kharkiv, Ukraine (50.0°N, 36.3°E). Data from ERA-Interim and MERRA-2 reanalyses and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements were also used. It is shown that: (i) The differences between SSW1 and SSW2, in terms of local variability in zonal wind, temperature, and CO in the stratosphere and mesosphere, were clearly defined by the polar vortex (westerly in cyclonic circulation) and mid-latitude anticyclone (easterly) migrating over the MWR station, therefore; (ii) mesospheric intrusions of CO-rich air into the stratosphere over the Kharkiv region occurred only occasionally, (iii) the larger zonal wave 1–3 amplitudes before SSW1 were followed by weaker polar vortex recovery than that after SSW2, (iv) the strong vortex recovery after SSW2 was supported by earlier event timing (midwinter) favoring vortex cooling due to low solar irradiance and enhanced zonal circulation, and (v) vortex strengthening after SSW2 was accompanied by wave 1–3 amplification in March 2019, which was absent after SSW1. Finally, the influence of the large-scale circulation structures formed in individual major SSW events on the locally recorded characteristics of the atmosphere is discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/23/3950/pdf

Comparison of Major Sudden Stratospheric Warming Impacts on the Mid-Latitude Mesosphere Based on Local Microwave Radiometer CO Observations in 2018 and 2019

. During the last decades, ground-based microwave radiometry has matured into an established remote sensing technique for measuring vertical profiles of a number of gases in the stratosphere and the mesosphere. Microwave radiometry is the only ground-based technique that can provide vertical profiles of gases in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere both day and night, and even during cloudy conditions. Except for microwave instruments placed at high-altitude sites, or at sites with dry atmospheric conditions, only molecules with significant emission lines below 150 GHz, such as CO, H2O, and O3, can be observed. Vertical profiles of these molecules can give important information about chemistry and dynamics in the middle atmosphere. Today these measurements are performed at relatively few sites; more simple and reliable instrument solutions are required to make the measurement technique more widely spread. This need is urgent today as the number of satellite sensors observing the middle atmosphere is about to decrease drastically. In this study a compact double-sideband frequency-switched radiometer system for simultaneous observations of mesospheric CO at 115.27 GHz and O3 at 110.84 GHz is presented. The radiometer, its calibration scheme, and its observation method are presented. The retrieval procedure, including compensation of the different tropospheric attenuations at the two frequencies and error characterization, are also described. The first measurement series from October 2014 until April 2015 taken at the Onsala Space Observatory, OSO (57° N, 12° E), is analysed. The retrieved vertical profiles are compared with co-located CO and O3 data from the MLS instrument on the Aura satellite. The data sets from the instruments agree well with each other. The main differences are the higher OSO volume mixing ratios of O3 in the upper mesosphere during the winter nights and the higher OSO volume mixing ratios of CO in the mesosphere during the winter. The low bias of mesospheric winter values of CO from MLS compared to ground-based instruments was reported earlier.

/pdf/a-compact-receiver-system-for-simultaneous-measurements-of-2nx3s0uqm0.pdf

A compact receiver system for simultaneous measurements of mesospheric CO and O 3

We present the results of the development of high sensitivity microwave radiometer designed for observation of the atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) emission lines at 115 GHz. The receiver of this radiometer has the double-sideband noise temperature of 250 K at a temperature of 10A degrees C. To date, this is the best noise performance for uncooled Schottky diode mixer receiver systems. The designed radiometer was tested during the 2014-2015 period at observations of the carbon monoxide emission lines over Kharkiv, Ukraine (50A degrees N, 36.3A degrees E). These tests have shown the reliability of the receiver system, which allows us in the future to use designed radiometer for continuous monitoring of carbon monoxide. The first observations of the atmospheric carbon monoxide spectral lines over Kharkiv have confirmed seasonal changes in the CO abundance and gave us reasons to assume the spread of the influence of the polar vortex on the state of the atmosphere up to the latitude of 50A degrees N where our measurement system is located.

Microwave Radiometer for Spectral Observations of Mesospheric Carbon Monoxide at 115 GHz Over Kharkiv, Ukraine

A Schottky diode frequency tripler for the 3-mm receiver system designed for observation of ozone and carbon monoxide spectral lines at frequencies 110836 and 115271 GHz, respectively, is developed The used varactor parameters are investigated and its limiting values of frequency tripling efficiency in the 3-mm wavelengths calculated A design of the multiplier, which allows to realize close to the calculated levels of frequency conversion efficiency is proposed The characteristics of the developed multiplier are investigated within the frequency range 109-136 GHz The output power of 8 mW is obtained at 132 GHz with about 62 mW pumping power The tripler efficiency, output power and operating current at the desired frequency for atmospheric receiver of 1125 GHz were measured The highest efficiency (18 %) has been realized at this frequency with 15 mW input power The values of the input power, operating current and reverse bias of the developed frequency tripler required for optimal receiver performance for observation of the emission lines of atmospheric gases have been determined Key words: frequency tripler , receiver for investigation of atmospheric gases, frequency tripling efficiency, input power, output power Manuscript submitted 07082014 Radio phys radio astron 2015, 20(1): 86-93  REFERENCES 1 FORKMAN, P, CHRISTENSEN, O M, ERIKSSON, P, URBAN, J and FUNKE, B, 2012 Six years of mesospheric CO estimated from ground-based frequency-switched microwave radiometry at 57° N compared with satellite instruments Atmos Meas Tech vol 5, no 11, pp 2827–2841 DOI: https://doiorg/105194/amtd-5-3909-2012 2 RAFFALSK, I U, BERG, H, HOCHSCHILD, G and KOPP, G, 2002 Continuous ozone measurements over Kiruna during winter/spring 2002: A new millimeter wave radiometer operated at the Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden The Sixth European Symposium on Stratospheric Ozone Research Proceedings Gothenberg, Sweden, pp 369–377 3 HOFFMANN, C G, RAFFALSKI, U, PALM, M, FUNKE, B, W, GOLCHERT, S H, HOCHSCHILD, G and NOTHOLT, J, 2011 Observation of strato-mesospheric CO above Kiruna with ground-based microwave radiometry – retrieval and satellite comparison Atmos Meas Tech vol 4, no 11, pp 2389–2408 DOI: https://doiorg/105194/amt-4-2389-2011 4 BERG, H, KRUPA, R, HOCHSCHILD, G, KOPP, G and KUNTZ, M, 1998 Millimeterwave radiometer with adjustable internal calibration load for high resolution measurements of stratospheric constituents 2nd ESA Workshop on Millimetre Wave Technology and Applications: Antennas, Circuits and Systems Proceedings Espoo, Finland, pp 372–377 5 PIDDYACHIY, V I, SHULGA, V M, MYSHENKO, V V, KOROLEV, A M, MYSHENKO, A V, ANTYUFEYEV, A V, POLADICH, A V and SHKODIN, V I, 2010 3-mm wave spectroradiometer for studies of atmospheric trace gases Radiophys Quantum Electron vol 53, no 5–6, pp 326–333 DOI: https://doiorg/101007/s11141-010-9231-y 6 PIDDYACHIY, V I, KOROLEV, A M and SHULGA, V M, 2005 Avery low-noise integrated 3mm-wave Schottky diode mixer and PHEMT IF amplifier Int J Infrared Millimeter Waves vol 26, no 10, pp 1381–1388 DOI: https://doiorg/101007/s10762-005-8436-1 7 SHULGA, V M, MYSHENKO, V V and MYSHENKO, A V, 2006 Low losses wide band diplexer for mm-wave heterodyne receiver 16th International Crimean Conference "Microwave and Telecommunication Technology" Proceedings Sevastopol, Ukraine, pp 575–576 8 ARCHER, J W, 1981 Millimeter wavelength frequency multipliers IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech vol 29, no 6, pp 552–557 DOI: https://doiorg/101109/TMTT19811130391 9 TOLMUNEN, T J and RAISANEN, A V, 1987 An efficient Schottky-varactor frequency multiplier at millimeter waves Part I: Doubler Int J Infrared Millimeter Waves vol 8, no 10, pp 1313–1336 DOI: https://doiorg/101007/BF01011082 10 TOLMUNEN, T J and RAISANEN, A V, 1987 An efficient Schottkyvaractor frequency multiplier at millimeter waves Part II: Tripler Int J Infrared Millimeter Waves vol 8, no 10, pp 1337–1353 DOI: https://doiorg/101007/BF01011083 11 BELOTSERKOVSKY, G B, 1966 Fundamentals of radio engineering and antennas: problems and solutions Moskow, Russia: Mashinostroenie Publ (in Russian) 12 PIDDYACHIY, V I, SHULGA, V M, KOROLEV, A M and MYSHENKO, V V, 2005 High doping density Schottky diodes in the 3mm wavelength cryogenic heterodyne receiver Int J Infrared Millimeter Waves vol 26, no 9, pp 1307–1315 DOI: https://doiorg/101007/s10762-005-7605-6 13 PREDMORE, C R, ERICKSON, N R, GOLDSMITH, P E and MARRERO, J L R, 1984 Abroad-band, ultra-low-noise Schottky diode mixer receiver from 80 GHZ to 115 GHz IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech vol 32, no 5, pp 498–507 DOI: https://doiorg/101109/TMTT19841132713 14 ERICKSON, N R, 1985 A very low-noise single-sideband receiver for 200–260 GHz IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech vol 33, no 11, pp 1179–1188 DOI: https://doiorg/101109/TMTT19851133191

/pdf/schottky-diode-tripler-in-the-3-mm-wave-receiver-for-53vf9j0wxs.pdf

Schottky diode tripler in the 3-mm wave receiver for investigation of atmospheric gases

We developed a high-sensitivity receiving and measuring facility designed for observations of the ozone O3 and carbon monoxide CO spectral lines by the method of ground-based remote sensing of the atmosphere in the 90–116 GHz frequency range. The measurement and calibration procedure is described in detail. The results of observations of the O3 and CO emission lines at frequencies 110.836 amd 115.271 GHz, respectively, are presented. The sensitivity level of the receiving and measuring facility, which was implemented in the experiment using a filter-bank analyzer and a Fourier spectrum analyzer is determined.

3-mm wave spectroradiometer for studies of atmospheric trace gases

Receiving complex for spectral survey within 85 to 116 ghz at the crao rt-22 radio telescope

A general approach, circuit diagrams, and test results of a square-law detector with improved metrological characteristics are presented. The detector is based on a “diode + current-to-voltage converter” scheme. The measured characteristics are as follows: the dynamic range is 40 dB, and quadraticity factor is 2.00 ± 0.05. The working frequency band of a particular detector is from 0.001 to 2 GHz. The proposed approach is suitable for detectors of most kinds (series, parallel, single- and two-cycle, etc.), operating in the radio frequency band.

A measuring square-law diode detector

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3-mm wave spectroradiometer for studies of atmospheric trace gases

Receiving complex for spectral survey within 85 to 116 ghz at the crao rt-22 radio telescope

A measuring square-law diode detector