There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Laves phases with their comparably simple crystal structure are very common intermetallic phases and can be formed from element combinations all over the periodic table resulting in a huge number of known examples. Even though this type of phases is known for almost 100 years, and although a lot of information on stability, structure, and properties has accumulated especially during the last about 20 years, systematic evaluation and rationalization of this information in particular as a function of the involved elements is often lacking. It is one of the two main goals of this review to summarize the knowledge for some selected respective topics with a certain focus on non-stoichiometric, i.e., non-ideal Laves phases. The second, central goal of the review is to give a systematic overview about the role of Laves phases in all kinds of materials for functional and structural applications. There is a surprisingly broad range of successful utilization of Laves phases in functional applications comprising Laves phases as hydrogen storage material (Hydraloy), as magneto-mechanical sensors and actuators (Terfenol), or for wear- and corrosion-resistant coatings in corrosive atmospheres and at high temperatures (Tribaloy), to name but a few. Regarding structural applications, there is a renewed interest in using Laves phases for creep-strengthening of high-temperature steels and new respective alloy design concepts were developed and successfully tested. Apart from steels, Laves phases also occur in various other kinds of structural materials sometimes effectively improving properties, but often also acting in a detrimental way.

/pdf/laves-phases-a-review-of-their-functional-and-structural-1r0nnkeily.pdf

Laves phases: a review of their functional and structural applications and an improved fundamental understanding of stability and properties

Tribological behaviour of nano-zirconia reinforced iron-based self-lubricating composites for bearing applications

The CALPHAD approach was used to derive thermodynamic parameters of the Mn–Zr system based on experimental results and critical evaluation of available data. Novel ab-initio calculations as well as experimental data on enthalpy of formation and heat capacity measurements for the C14–ZrMn2 Laves phase were taken into account. The congruent melting point of the C14–ZrMn2 Laves phase was determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA) at 1765 K. Data on heat capacity for the C14–ZrMn2 phase were extended to high temperature range up to 980 K using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Standard entropy for C14–ZrMn2 was calculated using an extended Einstein model based on newly obtained results. Additionally, the sublattice model based on antisite substitution in the C14–ZrMn2 Laves phase has been used in order to describe its homogeneity range. Based on the currently obtained results and novel literature data, thermodynamic parameters for the Mn–Zr system were re-optimized. The self-consistent thermodynamic description derived in the present work reproduces all experimental data well.

Heat capacity measurement of C14–ZrMn2 and thermodynamic re-assessment of the Mn–Zr system

The Nd-B binary system was re-assessed thermodynamically based on the available experimental information from literatures using the CALPHAD method. The solution phases including liquid, fcc, bcc and dhcp, were modeled as substitutional solutions and their excess Gibbs energies were expressed by the Redlich-Kister polynomial. Combined with the previous assessments of the Fe-Nd and the Fe-B binary systems, the thermodynamic description of the Nd-Fe-B ternary system was performed on the basis of the reported experimental information. The solubility of third element in the binary intermetallic compounds was not taken into account due to the lack of experimental data. A set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters formulating the Gibbs energies of various phases in the Nd-Fe-B ternary system was obtained in the present work. The liquidus projection, several isothermal sections and vertical sections of this ternary system were calculated, which are in reasonable agreement with the reported experimental data.

Thermodynamic description of the Nd-Fe-B ternary system

Critical review of the Fe-Y binary system has been performed and available experimental and calculated data have been collected. Thermodynamic parameters were optimized using the CALPHAD method. New experimental results of Gibbs energy and Ab-initio calculations of enthalpy of formation of intermetallic compounds have been taken into account. A self-consistent thermodynamic description of the Fe-Y system has been obtained. Problems of thermodynamic modelling in this system have been discussed. The results calculated using thermodynamic descriptions derived in the present work are compared with ones previously published using general “χ2”-criterion. This criterion allows taking into account the number independent optimized parameters used in the optimization. The calculated agreement criterion has shown that thermodynamic description of the present work describes experimental data better than earlier published ones.

/pdf/new-thermodynamic-assessment-of-the-fe-y-system-4xot9y67x9.pdf

New Thermodynamic Assessment of the Fe-Y System

Thermodynamic and physical properties of Zr3Fe and ZrFe2 intermetallic compounds

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New Thermodynamic Assessment of the Fe-Y System

Heat capacity measurement of C14–ZrMn2 and thermodynamic re-assessment of the Mn–Zr system

Thermodynamic and physical properties of Zr3Fe and ZrFe2 intermetallic compounds