Myiasis is derived from the Greek word, myia, meaning fly. The term was first introduced by Hope in 1840 and refers to the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous (two-winged) larvae (maggots) which, at least for a certain period, feed on the host's dead or living tissue, liquid body-substance, or ingested food. Myiasis is the fourth most common travel-associated skin disease and cutaneous myiasis is the most frequently encountered clinical form. Cutaneous myiasis can be divided into three main clinical manifestations: furuncular, creeping (migratory), and wound (traumatic) myiasis. The flies that produce a furuncular myiasis include Dermatobia hominis, Cordylobia anthropophaga, Wohlfahrtia vigil, and the Cuterebra species. Gasterophilus and Hypoderma are two flies that produce a creeping myiasis. Flies that cause wound myiasis include screwworm flies such as Cochliomyia hominivorax and Chrysomya bezziana, and Wohlfahrtia magnifica. This article reviews current literature, provides general descriptions, and discusses life cycles of each species. It also gives treatment techniques and descriptions of each type of illness that results from interaction/infestation.

Cutaneous myiasis: a review of the common types of myiasis

https://www.cidjournal.com/article/S0738-081X(06)00065-4/pdf

Tungiasis and myiasis.

Single-blinded randomized trial of mechanical bowel preparation for colon surgery with primary intraperitoneal anastomosis.

We report a case of pseudomyiasis (accidental myiasis) in a 52-year-old man who had previously undergone surgery and placement of a tracheostomy tube for laryngeal cancer. The patient presented to our outpatient department with a foul-smelling, blood-stained discharge and frequent and severe episodic pain at the site of the tracheostomy. He also reported the discharge of many whitish larvae from the site. On clinical examination, 3 of these larvae were removed from the tracheostomy wound and later identified as Musca domestica (housefly) larvae. The patient underwent further mechanical removal twice daily for 3 days, during which time 23 more larvae, or maggots, were removed. His condition improved, and he returned for regular follow-up with no recurrence or complications. Myiasis is an infestation of humans and vertebrate animals by insect larvae that feed on both dead and living tissue. Myiasis is most common in hot and humid climates in tropical and subtropical regions, such as the underdeveloped areas of India, Africa, and Southeast Asia, which provide favorable breeding grounds for flies. Myiasis is classified as specific, semispecific, or accidental, depending on whether the fly larvae require a host in order to develop. We review the literature on myiasis and its entomologic aspects in general. We also discuss the need for the proper care of tracheostomy wound myiasis because the site of such an infestation is close to vital organs in the neck. To the best of our knowledge, only 3 cases of tracheostomy wound myiasis have been previously reported in the English-language literature; 2 of them involved infestation with Chrysomyia bezziana larvae and 1 with Lucilia caesar larvae. We believe our case is the first case of tracheostomy wound pseudomyiasis attributable to M domestica larvae.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014556131309200721

Unusual Pseudomyiasis with Musca Domestica (Housefly) Larvae in a Tracheostomy Wound: A Case Report and Literature Review:

Background

Emerging evidence found that health inequality in the Niger Delta region in Nigeria has continued to worsen due to epidemiological and environmental risks transitions This study aims to provide an up-to-date review and the secular trends of hypertension prevalence in Niger Delta

Methods

We systematically searched databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, African index Medicus and African Journal online from inception to December 30, 2016 for population–based studies providing prevalence estimates of hypertension in the Niger Delta Eligible studies were included in a random–effect meta-analysis of prevalence and secular trend The review was reported according to MOOSE guideline

Results

Overall, 34 eligible studies comprising of data on 32715 participants with mean-age of 3843±20 years were identified and included in the meta-analysis The pooled result showed that across study settings, the prevalence of hypertension in rural population tended to be higher than those in urban areas, 320% (95%, CI 2513-3928) versus 2407% (95%, CI 1813-3058), however, the difference did not reach a statistical significant level, (P< 0183) The overall mean SBP was 13015 (95%, CI 12685-13345) mmHg, and the DBP was 8072 (95%, CI 7845-8295) The estimates also vary significantly in men compared to women; 3026% (95%, CI 2376-3717) versus 2299% (1760-2886), P<00001 and among those older than 65 years compared to those aged 45-64 years, and more than 2-fold compared to those between 15-44 years, P<0001 We also observed a continuous increase in prevalence of hypertension in the region (trend = 0139, P value = 00001), such that for every 10 years increase in participants' mean age, the prevalence of hypertension increases by 1043% (573-1514), P<0001

Conclusions

This study found evidence that hypertension is a major public health issue in the Niger Delta communities suggesting a positive relationship between socioecioeconomic and lifetyle factors Improved surveillance and care, as well as better management of the underlying risk factors, primarily undetected or uncontrolled high blood pressure, remains an important public health priority

/pdf/magnitude-and-pattern-of-hypertension-in-the-niger-delta-a-33us06bid6.pdf

Magnitude and pattern of hypertension in the Niger Delta: a systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based studies

Cutaneous myiasis of the breast due to infestation by the larva of Cordylobia anthropophaga is rare To the best of our knowledge, only one case has been reported in the English literature This rarity calls for an awareness of its possibility as a cause of furuncular breast lesions, especially in areas where the C anthropophaga ( Tumbu fly) is endemic or in patients returning from such areas As it can be easily confused with other furuncular breast lesions (like tuberculosis, mycosis, actinomycosis, furunculosis, chronic breast abscess and fungating malignancies), this awareness is important to avoid misdiagnosis or delay in diagnosis We present a case of furuncular breast myiasis due to the larvae of C anthropophaga earlier misdiagnosed as mastitis in a patient living in tropical Africa (Nigeria) where the Tumbu fly is endemic We report a 70 year old woman who presented with a week history of itchy multiple discharging sinuses of the right breast The sinuses contained wriggling larvae of C anthropophaga Fourteen larvae were extracted from the breast and the sinuses healed quite well after the extraction Cutaneous myiasis of the breast is rare, hence, an awareness of its clinical features is necessary when a patient presents with furuncular skin lesions especially in endemic areas or people returning from such areas Diagnosis is mainly clinical and lesions heal well after the extraction of the larvae Preventive measures such as ironing after drying of dresses and a good personal hygiene are crucial in controlling C anthropophaga infestation

/pdf/furuncular-myiasis-of-the-breast-caused-by-the-larvae-of-the-4evglb2v8w.pdf

Furuncular myiasis of the breast caused by the larvae of the Tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga)

Background: The prevalence of hypertension is on the increase in Nigeria. Prehypertension is considered a precursor of hypertension and a predictor of excessive cardiovascular risk. Identifying individuals with prehypertension and initiating effective measures will aid in reducing the incidence and prevalence of hypertension in our environment. The aim of this study was to quantify the magnitude of prehypertension and determine its associations among adults in a representative semi‑urban Nigerian population. Methods: A cross‑sectional study which was carried out in a semi‑urban setting in Southeast Nigeria. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using the standard methods. A cardiovascular risk factor screening based on physical characteristics, individual medical, and family history of participants was done. Results: There were a total of 389 participants comprising 223 (57.3%) males and 116 (42.7%) females; male:female ratio been 1.9:1. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension were 45.5% and 37.8%, respectively. Males were significantly more likely to have prehypertension than females (61% vs. 39% respectively; OR = 1.32, P = 0.03). There was a weak positive significant correlation between age and both systolic (r = 0.16, P < 0.01) and diastolic (r = 0.12, P = 0.02) blood pressures. Up to 72.6% of individuals with prehypertension have abnormal body mass index (BMI). While up to 8.5% of the participants had a family history of cardiovascular disease, 20.3%, and 17.3% had a history of significant intake of alcohol and smoking, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of prehypertension in the community was high. It was associated with increasing age, male gender, and increasing BMI. Interventions at this stage may aid in stemming the rising prevalence of hypertension in our environment.

http://www.ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1554/1848

Towards prevention of hypertension in Nigeria: a study of prehypertension and its associations among apparently healthy adults in Umuahia, South-East Nigeria.

While there are published literatures on foreign body in the upper gastrointestinal tract, there is paucity of report on rectal foreign bodies. Objects may be inserted accidentally or for sexual satisfaction. We report a case of a 16 year old secondary school student who presented a medical emergency in a private hospital with anal pain and bleeding per rectum. History showed that the foreign body was used for sexual satisfaction. Examination findings revealed acylindrical hollow steel object impacted on the ano-rectal canal. The foreign body was removed under local anaesthesia. We present this report to draw attention to this rare occurrence following a sexual behavior.
Keywords: Foreign Body, Rectum, Adolescent Youth

Foreign body in the rectum of a Nigerian adolescent youth

Consistent control of blood pressure requires that patients with hypertension follow medication regimen  and lifestyle modification. However, many patients fail to adhere to treatment recommendations  resulting in less than optimal treatment. While most studies have focused on medication adherence and  its associations among hypertensive patients seen in the hospital setting, little is known about this in the community. Knowledge of this will aid clinicians and health policy makers in designing community-based  intervention programme to improve medication adherence in the populace. A cross-sectional  communitybased study carried out among individuals known to be hypertensive for more than 3 months and on antihypertensive medications. Modified version of the hypertension fact questionnaire and the  8-item Morisky Medication Assessment Scale was used to assess knowledge and adherence to  medication respectively. Complete data was available for 252 participants. This included 143 (56.7%) males and 109 (43.3%) females with a mean age of 56.6 ± 12.7 years. Blood pressure control was  optimal in 33%, good knowledge of hypertension was found in 52% while only 31.8% were adherent to  prescribed medications. Duration of hypertension from time of diagnosis, systolic and diastolic blood  pressures and total number of pills swallowed per time were found to  independently correlate with medication adherence, albeit negatively. Education program and use of single pill combination regimen can be effective in promoting adherence to medication in our population.

/pdf/adherence-to-antihypertensive-medication-and-its-correlates-3psx9oz2fb.pdf

Adherence to antihypertensive medication and its correlates among individuals with hypertension in a semi-urban community of Southern Nigeria

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Furuncular myiasis of the breast caused by the larvae of the Tumbu fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga)

Towards prevention of hypertension in Nigeria: a study of prehypertension and its associations among apparently healthy adults in Umuahia, South-East Nigeria.

Foreign body in the rectum of a Nigerian adolescent youth

Adherence to antihypertensive medication and its correlates among individuals with hypertension in a semi-urban community of Southern Nigeria