The current study aimed to determine the antidiabetic effects of leaf extract of Ficus asperifolia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A total of ninety-five (95) adult rats were used for the experiment. The whole study protocol was divided into three sets of individual experiments. The animals were divided randomly into seven groups of five rats each. The rats were given a diet supplemented with 50 g high fat to 50 g vital feeds for two weeks. The study lasted 28 days with daily administration and weekly blood glucose and body weight check. At the end of the experiment protocol, the rats were fasted overnight and were anesthetized. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture from each animal for biochemical analysis. Metglim 3.38 mg/kg bodyweight was used as positive control. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (35 mg/kg in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline) intraperitoneally for 5 days. Phytochemicals were analyzed in both extract and fractions. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, carotenoids, terpenes, and steroids in both extract and fractions. Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats were detected by systematic molecular analysis. Fraction 1 of plant extracts prevented glucose-induced hyperglycaemia 30 min’ post glucose load in all rats. Streptozotocin treatment caused a significant increase (p˂0.05) in blood sugar, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoproteins and a significant (p˂0.05) decrease in food intake, body weight and high-density lipoproteins in diabetic rats. Treatment with the extract significantly improved the derangements caused by streptozotocin. These results suggest that the leaf extracts of Ficus asperifolia could serve as a potential treatment for diabetes therapy.

Anti-diabetic effects of Ficus Asperifolia in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The use of plants for medicine is gaining more acceptability worldwide due to its availability, affordability, efficiency and considerable safety. This study sought to gather information on the phytochemical and nutrient composition of Pterocarpus erinaceus stem bark. This will be a guide to the importance of the plant healthwise. Phytochemical, proximate, mineral and vitamin analysis was done using standard procedures. Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids were present in both aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus . Anthraquinone was present only in the ethanolic extract. Proximate analysis shows high carbohydrate and fibre content 39.33 ± 0.05% and 31.22 ± 0.32% respectively. The extract also contains 8.70 ± 1.10% protein and 0.45 ± 0.50% fat. Pterocarpus erinaceus stem bark is a rich source of vitamin A (75.87 ±0.12 IU/100 g) and B 9 (71.25 ± 1.23 mcg/100 g). Heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Ni) were not detected in this study. Phosphorus and iron were detected in high amount. This therefore justifies the use of this plant for the treatment of diseases such as aneamia and diarrhea. Research should be carried out on this stem bark to explore more potentials of this plant.

Phytochemical and Nutrient Composition of Pterocarpus erinaceus Stem Bark

In this study, radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of hexane, ethyl acetate, n- butanol and methanol extracts of the stem bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus were investigated. Antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated with Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric method respectively. Methanol extract showed the best antioxidant activity with the highest total flavonoid content (396.61±3.48 mgE Cat/1g DE) followed by n-butanol extract (263.63±5.44 mgECat/1g DE) and ethyl acetate extract (224.71±7.32 mgECat/1g DE). However, the n-butanol extract showed a highest phenolic content (490.03±4.02 mgEAA/1g DE) than the methanol extract (450.50±1.52 mgEAA/1g DE). These findings showed increase in antioxidant activity directly proportional to increase in extracting solvent's polarity and flavonoid content.

http://saspublisher.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/SAJB-46473-477.pdf

Antiradical Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Extracts from the Stem Bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus

pdf/gastro-protective-and-therapeutic-effect-of-punica-granatum-wqn4sgld.pdf

Gastro-protective and therapeutic effect of Punica granatum against stomach ulcer caused by Helicobacter Pylori

Aim: This study examined the histological effect of ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera on aspirin-induced stomach ulcer in male albino rats. Acacia nilotica fruits and Calotropis procera flowers are among the plant parts which are used in the treatment of ulcers by local folks in Wukari, Nigeria. 
Study Design: Seventy healthy male albino rats were used in this study; they were randomly distributed into 7 groups of 10 animals each. The test animals were induced with ulcer using 500 mg/kg body weight of aspirin and then treated with Acacia nilotica fruits and Calotropis procera flowers for 5 and 14 days respectively. 
Methodology: This study was carried out in two phases: stomach ulcer was induced in test animals using aspirin and treated for a period of 5 days and 14 days using ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera before sacrifice. The stomach of the animals was harvested, processed for histological investigation and photomicrographs taken. 
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University Wukari, between August 2022 and January 2023. 
Results: Photomicrograph of the gastric tissue of normal rats showed normal epithelial lining with mucosa and submucosa appearing unremarkable. Photomicrograph section of gastric tissue of rat administered aspirin only showed moderate ulceration of the epithelial lining. Photomicrograph of gastric tissues of rats administered both plant extracts showed moderate to severe ulcerations of the epithelial lining with unremarkable mucosa and submucosa. 
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that treatment of stomach ulcer in albino rats caused by administration of excess dose of aspirin with ethanolic extracts of fruits of Acacia nilotica and flowers of Calotropis procera did not heal the stomach ulcer in the albino rats after 5 days and 14 days treatment.

/pdf/histological-effect-of-ethanolic-extracts-of-fruits-of-3v1dacoy.pdf

Histological Effect of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits of Acacia nilotica and Flowers of Calotropis procera on Aspirin Induced Stomach Ulcer in Male Albino Rats

In vitro antioxidant activity and phytochemical evaluation of aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus.

The anti-ulcerogenic effects of aqueous stem bark extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus on indomethacin-induced ulcer in albino rats was determined. Forty two (42) adult male albino rats were randomly divided into seven groups (Groups A-G) of six rats each. The phytochemicals in the extract were qualitatively and quantitatively determined. Indomethacin was orally administered as a single dose of 30 mg/kg/b.w to induce ulcer in the rats. The rats were fasted for 24 hours, on the last day of the treatment before the animals were sacrificed. Macroscopic examinations of the stomach, quantification of gastric juice, histological examination of stomach tissue were also carried out and stomach was then homogenised. The stomach homogenate was analyzed for total protein (TP), lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes: glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Indomethacin treatment caused significant increases (p<0.05) in ulcer index. There was significant reduction in ulcer index, volume of gastric juice, free and total acidity, pepsin activity and lipid peroxidation in the extract treated rats when compared with the indomethacin treated group. Treatments of ulcer induced animals with P. erinaceus extracts showed significant elevation (p<0.05) of pH, total protein, GR, CAT and SOD in the treated animals in a dose dependent manner with the highest effect observed in rats administered 900 mg/kg/b.w. extract. Histological examination revealed evidence of reparative changes in the indomethacin treated animals given the extract. These results suggest that the stem bark extract could reverse changes seen in ulcer and in addition engender recovering or healing of affected tissues Suggesting that P. erinaceus stem bark extract at doses used have the potential to treat indomethacin induced ulcer.

Antiulcerogenic Effects of Aqueous Stem-Bark Extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus on Indomethacin-Induced Ulcer in Albino Rats

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In vitro antioxidant activity and phytochemical evaluation of aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus.

Antiulcerogenic Effects of Aqueous Stem-Bark Extracts of Pterocarpus erinaceus on Indomethacin-Induced Ulcer in Albino Rats