http://redd-pac.org/papers/others/havlik_biofuels_energy_policy_2011.pdf

Global land-use implications of first and second generation biofuel targets

Productivity studies in forest operations are often carried out on new equipment, or on equipment being used in new conditions. Understanding how stand and terrain parameters impact the productivity of harvesting machines is important for determining their optimum use. Such information is normally presented as a productivity or efficiency function; that is, a regression equation that best represents the data. Most studies establish that piece size is the dominant predictor that impacts overall productivity. A common concept known as the “piece-size law” is that productivity increases at a decreasing rate with increasing piece size. What is not well understood is the upper limit to this piece-size law. That is, as the trees get “too” large, we can expect the machine to start to struggle, resulting in a decrease in productivity. Four different data sets—two based in New Zealand and two in Italy—are presented that clearly show an “optimum” piece size for maximum productivity. On average, productivity tended to decrease gradually, not drop off suddenly beyond the optimum. Using more complex statistical functions, it was possible to correctly correlate piece size to productivity.

Determining the shape of the productivity function for mechanized felling and felling-processing

Timber production is an important ecosystem service of European mountain forests. This paper aimed to assess the current practices in logging operations and to identify the efficiency gaps in timber production. The study was located in 7 case study areas from representative European mountain ranges, where 632 logging operations were analysed. The focus was on road infrastructure, transport systems, harvesting methods and extraction technologies. Often inappropriate technology was used in steep terrain; there was no correlation between the average slope and the selection of harvesting systems (HS). Skidding was the most common extraction method (75%), while cable yarding and forwarding had shares of 15% and 8%. The mean road density was 18.5 m ha−1. The mean extraction distance was 501 m. The mean harvesting and extraction productivity were 9.0 and 10.2 m³ h−1; the mean costs were 11.1 and 11.7 € m−³, respectively. Non-mechanized and obsolete HS reported the lowest efficiency and the highest enviro...

/pdf/forestry-operations-in-the-european-mountains-a-study-of-28dcnghzjn.pdf

Forestry operations in the European mountains: a study of current practices and efficiency gaps

https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/5652/1/Forest_Biomass_Supply_Chains_in_Ireland_-_A_Life_Cycle_Assessment_of_GHG_Emissions_and_Primary_Energy_Balances.pdf

Forest Biomass Supply Chains in Ireland: A Life Cycle Assessment of GHG Emissions and Primary Energy Balances

Harvesting equipment productivity studies have been conducted in many countries around the world spanning over 25 years. These studies have shown that many factors influence individual machine productivity. These factors include stand and site conditions, equipment configuration, management objectives, and operator experience. Productivity can increase or decrease with slight changes in any of these factors. This literature review also highlights the variety of experimental designs and data collection methods encountered in a cross section of those studies. It further shows the variation in species composition, stand density, tree diameter, and harvest prescription. Although studies that include the influence of operator performance on harvest equipment productivity are limited, they were included in this review where appropriate and available. It is clear that productivity equations should be developed using population-level data with several operators. Some studies were conducted in stands similar to Maine, but they used harvesting equipment that is not commonly used in logging operations in this state. Therefore the applicability of existing studies to the logging industry in Maine, USA, is very limited. Our conclusion is that in order to accurately predict harvesting productivity it is necessary to develop regional harvesting productivity equations using harvesting equipment commonly used in Maine. Forest operations researchers in other regions will be able to use this summary to explore the difficulty of applying productivity information to regional logging operations.

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/4/4/898/pdf

Applicability of International Harvesting Equipment Productivity Studies in Maine, USA: A Literature Review

A study of labour productivity was conducted in fully mechanised harvesting technologies. The study revealed that the productivity of harvesters was particularly affected by the average tree volume of the felled trees, and the productivity of forwarders was affected mainly by two factors – haulage distance and machine payload. Dependences of other factors such as natural and site conditions, technical parameters and skills of operators could not be demonstrated. Regression equations of dependences were created for all these three significant criteria and costs per cubic meter of processed timber were calculated for them according to the cost function. A regression function was then developed for the forwarder that takes into account both significant criteria influencing the forwarder productivity.

/pdf/productivity-and-costs-of-the-mechanised-cut-to-length-wood-4kgch2w2uz.pdf

Productivity and costs of the mechanised cut-to-length wood harvesting system in clear-felling operations

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Productivity and costs of the mechanised cut-to-length wood harvesting system in clear-felling operations