Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Mechanisms, epidemiology and evolution

Data on comprehensive population-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance is lacking In low- and middle-income countries, the challenges are high due to weak laboratory capacity, poor health systems governance, lack of health information systems, and limited resources Developing countries struggle with political and social dilemma, and bear a high health and economic burden of communicable diseases Available data are fragmented and lack representativeness which limits their use to advice health policy makers and orientate the efficient allocation of funding and financial resources on programs to mitigate resistance Low-quality data means soaring rates of antimicrobial resistance and the inability to track and map the spread of resistance, detect early outbreaks, and set national health policy to tackle resistance Here, we review the barriers and limitations of conducting effective antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and we highlight multiple incremental approaches that may offer opportunities to strengthen population-based surveillance if tailored to the context of each country

/pdf/surveillance-of-antimicrobial-resistance-in-low-and-middle-1a2634xhhg.pdf

Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: a scattered picture

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global health threat and is predicted to cause significant health and economic impacts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). AMR surveillance is critical in LMICs due to high burden of bacterial infections; however, conducting AMR surveillance in resource-limited settings is constrained by poorly functioning health systems, scarce financial resources, and lack of skilled personnel. In 2015, the United Nations World Health Assembly endorsed the World Health Organization's Global Action Plan to tackle AMR; thus, several countries are striving to improve their AMR surveillance capacity, including making significant investments and establishing and expanding surveillance networks. Initial data generated from AMR surveillance networks in LMICs suggest the high prevalence of resistance, but these data exhibit several shortcomings, such as a lack of representativeness, lack of standardized laboratory practices, and underutilization of microbiology services. Despite significant progress, AMR surveillance networks in LMICs face several challenges in expansion and sustainability due to limited financial resources and technical capacity. This review summarizes the existing health infrastructure affecting the establishment of AMR surveillance programs, the burden of bacterial infections demonstrating the need for AMR surveillance, and current progress and challenges in AMR surveillance efforts in eight South and Southeast Asian countries.

/pdf/antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-in-low-and-middle-5dlcn61z3z.pdf

Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Progress and Challenges in Eight South Asian and Southeast Asian Countries.

Comparison of antibiotic treatment guidelines for urinary tract infections in 15 European countries: Results of an online survey

http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/212848/1/mandatwho.pdf

Mandatory surveillance and outbreaks reporting of the WHO priority pathogens for research & discovery of new antibiotics in European countries.

The methodology of surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections in Europe (SUSPIRE): a systematic review of publicly available information.

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The methodology of surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections in Europe (SUSPIRE): a systematic review of publicly available information.