Cefquinome sulfate behavior after intramammary administration in healthy and infected cows.

This study determined the efficacy of a 5-day extended therapy with cephapirin sodium in dairy cows chronically infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Chronically infected cows selected from 14 dairy herds in the St-Hyacinthe region, Quebec were randomly allocated to a group of 31 cows treated for 5 consecutive days with 200 mg of cephapirin per quarter BID or a group of 30 untreated control cows. Bacteriological cure was determined by 3 negative bacterial cultures at 10, 24, and 31 days after treatment. The cow cure rates were 25.8% (8/31) in the treated cows and 3.3% (1/30) in the control group (P = 0.013). The quarter cure rates at first sampling post-treatment were 77.6% (38/49) and 18% (9/50) in the treated and the control groups, respectively (P < 0.0001). A 5-day extended therapy with cephapirin is effective in treating cows chronically infected with S. aureus.

Efficacy of a 5-day extended therapy program during lactation with cephapirin sodium in dairy cows chronically infected with Staphylococcus aureus.

This work aimed to characterize the mammary gland pharmacokinetics of cefquinome after an intramammary administration and integrate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. The pharmacokinetic profiles of cefquinome in gland tissue were measured using high performance liquid chromatograph. Therapeutic regimens covered various dosages ranging from 25 to 800 μg/gland and multiple dosing intervals of 8, 12, and 24 h. The in vivo bacterial killing activity elevated when dosage increased or when dosing intervals were shortened. The best antibacterial effect was demonstrated by a mean 1.5 log10CFU/gland visible count reduction. On the other hand, the results showed that the percentage of time duration of drug concentration exceeding the MIC during a dose interval (%T > MIC) was generally 100% because of the influence of drug distribution caused by the blood-milk barrier. Therefore, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter of the ratio of area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h to the MIC (AUC0-24/MIC) was used to describe the efficacy of cefquinome instead of %T > MIC. When the magnitude of AUC0-24/MIC exceeding 16571.55 h•mL/g, considerable activity of about 1.5 log10CFU/g gland bacterial count reduction was observed in vivo. Based on the Monte Carlo simulation, the clinical recommended regimen of three infusions of 75 mg per quarter every 12 h can achieve a 76.67% cure rate in clinical treatment of bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection.

/pdf/dose-assessment-of-cefquinome-by-pharmacokinetic-36cdvyv3m8.pdf

Dose Assessment of Cefquinome by Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling in Mouse Model of Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis

บทคดยอ การศกษาแบบ cross-sectional เพอวดปจจยเสยงของโรคเตานมอกเสบแบบไมแสดงอาการในฟารมโคนม รายยอยจำนวน 16 ฟารม จากแมโคทงหมด 285 ตวในเขตสหกรณโคนมขอนแกน จำกด โดยใชการประเมนจากแบบสอบถาม ขอมลอาหารและการตรวจ ประเมนในทกครงทเขาเยยมฟารม ทำการเกบตวอยางนำนมจากเตานมทตรวจพบวามผลบวกตอระดบ CMT ทระดบ 3 ขนไปเพอทำการ ตรวจนบจำนวนเซลลโซมาตกและเพาะแยกชนดเชอแบคทเรย ความชกของการพบโรคเตานมอกเสบแบบไมแสดงอาการและปจจยเสยงถก นำมาวเคราะหหาความสมพนธ พบวาความชกของการเกดเตานมอกเสบแบบไมแสดงอาการอยทรอยละ 36.14 ชนดเชอแบคทเรยทแยกได จากเตานมทตดเชอ คอ กลมสเตรปโตคอคคสและกลมสเตรปโคคอคคสทใหผลลบตอ coagulase คา odds ratio ของแรงดนสญญากาศ และยางในรดนมทไมเรยบมความเสยงในระดบ 2.18 และ 2.00 ตามลำดบ (p<0.05, 95% CIs) นอกจากนการไมรดนมตนทง การไมใชผา เชดเตาหนงผนตอหนงตว หวนมไมแหงและสะอาดกอนการสวมหวรดนมกเปนปจจยเสยงตอการเกดท 1.83, 3.37 และ 2.18 (p<0.05, 95% CIs) คาคะแนนรางกายทตำกวาเกณฑและความผดปกตของกบเปนปจจยเสยงท 2.66 and 1.78, (p<0.05,CIs= 95) แมโคนมทมระยะรด นมไมเกนระยะท 3 จะมความเสยงของการเกดโรคนอยกวาแมโคนมทมระยะใหนมทมากกวา จากการศกษานแสดงวาขนตอนการรดนม คา คะแนนรางกาย และความผดปกตของกบแมโคมความสมพนธตอการเกดโรคเตานมอกเสบแบบไมแสดงอาการในโคนมในฟารมรายยอย คำสำคญ : โคนม, ปจจยเสยง, โรคเตานมอกเสบแบบไมแสดงอาการ Abstract This cross-sectional study was introduced to determine the risk factors of subclinical mastitis in dairy farms. Sixteen small holder farms and 285 milking cows in Khon Kaen province were selected for the study. The mastitis investigation, feeding information and clinical inspection were applied in the farm visits. Milk samples from each quarter with a CMT score of 3 and bulk milk were collected for bacterial identification and somatic cell counts. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis and associated factors were analyzed. Results found that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 36.14%. Major microorganisms isolated from infected quarters were Streptococcus spp. and coagulase negative staphylococci. The odds ratio of vacuum pressure and teat liner were strongly related with subclinical mastitis (2.18 and 2.00, respectively). In addition, the milking management had a higher impact on subclinical mastitis with odds ratios of 1.83, 3.37 and 2.18 in no strip cup, no single towel and no clean and dry before milking, respectively (p<0.05) at 95% confidential intervals. High odds ratios in subclinical mastitis were also found in poor body condition score and abnormal hoof score accounted for 2.66 and 1.78, respectively (p<0.05) at 95% CIs. Dairy cows from the 1st to 3rd lactation had a significantly lower prevalence of subclinical mastitis than those in higher parities. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that milking management, body condition score, and hoof score were significantly related to subclinical mastitis in small holder dairy cows. Keywords : dairy cows, risk factor, subclinical mastitis

/pdf/risk-factors-of-subclinical-mastitis-in-small-holder-dairy-36uhg7vf5n.pdf

Risk Factors of Subclinical Mastitis in Small Holder Dairy Cows in Khon Kaen Province

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the efficacy of intra-mammary-administered cefquinome for the treatment of sub-clinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows and to determine if extended therapy would enhance treatment efficacy. Seventy-three Holstein dairy cows from a single farm with 150 infected quarters were enrolled in the study. Infected cows were allocated randomly to one of three treatment regimens: (1) conventional (standard) regimen: 75 mg of cefquinome administered three times at 16-h intervals (25 infected cows, 52 intra-mammary infections (IMI)), (2) extended regimen: 75 mg of cefquinome administered six times at 16-h intervals (26 infected cows, 58 IMI) and (3) negative untreated control group (22 cows, 40 IMI). Most IMI were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae and coliforms. The overall bacteriological cure (BC) rates for sub-clinical IMI were 84.61%, 91.37% and 20% for the conventional, extended and the control groups, respectively, indicating a higher BC rate for the treated groups than the control group (P < 0.001). Significant differences in somatic cell count (SCC) were detected between the treated versus the control group (P < 0.001). No differences, concerning the BC rate or SCC, were observed between the extended and the conventional groups. Although fat and protein percentages increased in the treated groups, there were no significant differences in post-treatment milk production between the groups. Results of this study indicate that cefquinome therapy was effective in reducing SCC and eliminating sub-clinical IMI in lactating dairy cows, but extended therapy did not enhance treatment efficacy.

Efficacy of conventional and extended intra-mammary treatment of persistent sub-clinical mastitis with cefquinome in lactating dairy cows.

Summary

The efficacy of two dry cow treatment (DCT) regimens for subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis was evaluated in naturally infected dairy cows. At dry-off, cows were assigned to two treatment groups by randomized blocks on the basis of parity and somatic cell count (SCC). Two antibiotic DCT regimens were used, namely: (1) a single intramammary infusion containing sodium nafcillin, procaine benzylpenicillin and dihydrostreptomycin; and (2) systemic cefquinome administered intramuscularly, twice at a 24-h interval. In the intramammary (IMM) treatment group, the S. aureus intramammary infection (IMI) rate was reduced from 40% (56/140 quarters) before dry-off to 20% (28/140) after calving. Seventy per cent (39/56) of the S. aureus-positive quarters were negative after calving, and 13% (11/84) of the negative quarters were positive after calving. In the systemic treatment group, the S. aureus IMI rate increased from 39% (29/74 quarters) before dry-off to 55% (41/74) after calving. Twenty-eight per cent (8/29) of the S. aureus-positive quarters were negative after calving and 45% (20/45) of the negative quarters were positive after calving. The odds ratio of an S. aureus-positive quarter being negative after calving in the IMM group relative to the systemic therapy group was 44.6 (95% confidence interval = 2.1–909.1, P < 0.01). Parity, quarter, milk SCC and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase were tested in the model, and were found to have no significant effect on S. aureus cure rates or new IMI rates. The IMM treatment resulted in a higher cure rate compared with that observed in previous studies. The very low cure rate after systemic cefquinome treatment was comparable to the spontaneous cure rate observed in untreated controls in previous studies. The unfavourable results of the cefquinome systemic DCT might reflect inadequate pharmacokinetic properties of the drug regarding poor udder penetration in subclinical mastitis and short antimicrobial effect compared with the IMM treatment.

A comparative randomized field trial on intramammary and intramuscular dry cow antibiotic treatment of subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cows.

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A comparative randomized field trial on intramammary and intramuscular dry cow antibiotic treatment of subclinical Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cows.