The objective of this paper was to determine the opportunities of improving milk productivity and altering the milk composition through nutritional interventions. The increase in the nutraceutical value of milk is expected through dietary modifications of the animal. Feeding high concentrate diets combined with dietary fat can be used to modify the FA profile of milk, without negative effect on milk yield and milk fat or protein contents. Their effects may be complementary, at least for trans fatty acids. The profile of trans isomers relative to total trans-C18:1 seems dependent on the source of dietary fat. Feeding oilseeds and/ or novel fat supplements to ruminants can be used to modify the lipid metabolism in the mammary gland in modulating the secretion of fat and the profile of milk fatty acids. Feeding novel fatty acid sources the nutritive value of milk can be enhanced by decreased atherogenic saturated FA in milk and increased t11-C18:1 (trans vaccenic acid), and c9,t11-C18:2 (geometric and positional isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk, which are considered as positive for human health. Feeding bypass/ rumen protected sources of fatty acids and amino acids may help in meeting the need of higher milk production, and in modulating milk composition through increase availability of fatty acids and amino acids in circulation with synchronized extraction of desired nutrient by mammary gland for milk constituents synthesis. Milk may be used as
delivery system of anticarcenogens (CLA and polyphenols) for human health. Therefore, nutritional manipulations have several opportunities in improving milk production, modifications of milk composition and fatty acid profile. The improved milk productivity is desired in line with increased human population with minimum environment degradation thereby nutritional manipulations are directed to enhance milk production without increasing dairy animal populations with reduced greenhouse gasses emissions from ruminant agriculture.

https://www.longdom.org/open-access/effect-of-nutrition-on-production-composition-fatty-acids-and-nutraceutical-properties-of-milk-2329-888X.1000115.pdf

Effect of Nutrition on Production, Composition, Fatty acids and Nutraceutical Properties of Milk

Second generation lignocellulosic feedstocks are being considered as an alternative to first generation biofuels that are derived from grain starches and sugars. However, the current pre-treatment methods for second generation biofuel production are inefficient and expensive due to the recalcitrant nature of lignocellulose. In this study, we used the lower termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), as a model to identify potential pretreatment genes/enzymes specifically adapted for use against agricultural feedstocks. Metatranscriptomic profiling was performed on worker termite guts after feeding on corn stover (CS), soybean residue (SR), or 98% pure cellulose (paper) to identify (i) microbial community, (ii) pathway level and (iii) gene-level responses. Microbial community profiles after CS and SR feeding were different from the paper feeding profile, and protist symbiont abundance decreased significantly in termites feeding on SR and CS relative to paper. Functional profiles after CS feeding were similar to paper and SR; whereas paper and SR showed different profiles. Amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism pathways were downregulated in termites feeding on SR relative to paper and CS. Gene expression analyses showed more significant down regulation of genes after SR feeding relative to paper and CS. Stereotypical lignocellulase genes/enzymes were not differentially expressed, but rather were among the most abundant/constitutively-expressed genes. These results suggest that the effect of CS and SR feeding on termite gut lignocellulase composition is minimal and thus, the most abundantly expressed enzymes appear to encode the best candidate catalysts for use in saccharification of these and related second-generation feedstocks. Further, based on these findings we hypothesize that the most abundantly expressed lignocellulases, rather than those that are differentially expressed have the best potential as pretreatment enzymes for CS and SR feedstocks.

/pdf/metatranscriptomic-profiles-of-eastern-subterranean-termites-3e2ug9n3bk.pdf

Metatranscriptomic profiles of Eastern subterranean termites, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) fed on second generation feedstocks

Encapsulation is a method used to protect material from certain undesirable environments, for controlled release at a more favorable time and place. Animal productivity would be enhanced if feed additives are delivered to be utilized at their site of action, bypassing the rumen where they are likely to be degraded by microbial action. A novel method of encapsulation with sesame gum was used to coat nitrate, a known enteric methane mitigating agent, and tested for the effect on methane reduction and other in vitro fermentation parameters using rumen fluid from cannulated Hanwoo steers. Orchard grass was used as basal diet for fermentation. The treatments were matrix (1.1 g sesame gum+0.4 g sesame oil cake) only, encapsulated nitrate (matrix+nitrate (21 mM)), free nitrate (21 mM), and a control that contained no additive. Analyses of fermentation parameters were done at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 48 h time periods. In comparison to control, both free and encapsulated nitrate produced significantly reduced (p<0.01) methane (76% less) and also the total volatile fatty acids were reduced. A significantly higher (p<0.01) concentration of ammonia nitrogen was obtained with the encapsulated nitrate treatment (44%) compared to the free form (28%) and matrix only (20%) (p = 0.014). This might suggest slow release of encapsulated nitrate so that it is fully reduced to ammonia. Thus, this pioneering study found a significant reduction in methane production following the use of sesame gum encapsulated nitrate that shows the potential of a controlled release system in

/pdf/effect-of-encapsulating-nitrate-in-sesame-gum-on-in-vitro-38rd7pltgx.pdf

Effect of Encapsulating Nitrate in Sesame Gum on In vitro Rumen Fermentation Parameters.

Forty-four merino lambs (6 to 8 wk old; BW 15.6 ± 0.21 kg) were used to study the effect of adding different proportions of sunflower soap stock (SS) to pelleted total mixed ration (TMR) for fattening lambs on feed intake, animal growth and dressing percentage, ruminal fluid characteristics, and blood acid-base parameters. Lambs were assigned to 1 of 4 experimental groups (11 lambs per group), each randomly assigned to 1 dietary treatment: 00SS (0 g SS/kg TMR pellet), 15SS (15 g SS/kg TMR pellet), 30SS (30 g SS/kg TMR pellet), and 60SS (60 g SS/kg TMR pellet). Lambs were individually fed the corresponding diet ad libitum. On d 19 to 23, total feces were collected and sampled from 4 lambs per group. When lambs reached 27 kg BW, they were slaughtered. Dry matter intake, ADG, and length of fattening period were not affected by the dietary treatment (P > 0.10). Animals in the 30SS group tended to show the best G:F values (P 0.10), but the propionate proportion linearly increased (P < 0.05), and the acetate to propionate ratio tended to decrease with SS supplementation. Increasing dietary content of SS linearly decreased the cold carcass weight (P < 0.05) but did not affect other measured carcass characteristics. Ruminal fluid pH tended to decrease (P < 0.10) and mucosa color decreased as SS increased in the TMR (P < 0.05). Blood pH and Na concentration increased (P < 0.05), whereas the anion gap, CO2 pressure, and K concentration linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as SS increased. Including more than 30 g SS/kg TMR in the diet for fattening lambs reduces DM and fiber digestibility without affecting feed intake and ADG. The acidotic rumen conditions that induced a darkening of rumen mucosa were counteracted by blood acid-base parameters. The optimum level of inclusion seems to be 30 g SS/kg TMR.

Effects of dietary inclusion of sunflower soap stocks on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, and ruminal and blood metabolites of light fattening lambs.

Adaptive responses of cattle digestive system as influenced by dietary ultrafine iron particles combined with fat diets

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of locally available vegetable oils on rumen fermentation characteristics, methanogenesis, enzyme profile and rumen protozoal population in in vitro studies. Four locally available vegetable oils viz., mustard oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil and rice bran oil were incubated at 39±0.5°C for 24 h at four levels viz., 0, 50, 100 and 200 μl in 100 ml glass syringes having 200±5 mg of substrate (paddy straw and concentrate mixture in 1:1 ratio) and 30 ml of incubation medium (mixed rumen microbial culture). Total rumen protozoa as well as isotrichidae and entodiniomorphid population and methane production decreased (P<0.01) due to sunflower oil in the medium. Although, all the vegetable oils did not have any effect on total volatile fatty acid production, propionic acid and microbial biomass production increased (P<0.01) and ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased (P<0.01) due to inclusion of sunflower oil. Inclusion of sunflower oil also improved the activity of carboxymethyl cellulase. However, sunflower oil had no effect on dry matter degradability. Inclusion of sesame oil in the medium at higher dose (200 μl/30 ml incubation medium) decreased (P<0.01) total protozoal number and methanogenesis. Mustard and rice bran oils did not have any effect on ciliate protozoal population, ruminal methanogensis, activity of polysaccharide degrading enzymes, microbial biomass production, ammonia nitrogen concentration and dry matter degradibility in vitro. It can be concluded that sunflower oil in mixed microbial culture reduced ciliate protozoal population, ruminal methanogenesis, ammonia nitrogen concentration and improved microbial biomass and propionic acid production.

Effect of Vegetable Oils on Ciliate Protozoa, Methane Yield, Enzyme Profile and Rumen Fermentation In vitro

The study was conducted to assess the effect of supplementation of Piper betle on rumen ciliate protozoal population, enzyme profile, nutrient utilization and milk yield in lactating crossbred cows. Twelve lactating crossbred cows with an average milk yield of 5.4±0.78 kg/d were divided into two equal groups (G1 and G2) and fed individually under stall feeding for 90d on a mixed ration containing green fodder (maize) and concentrate mixture. Cows of G1 group were supplemented with 100 g Piper betle leaf powder/animal/day along with concentrate mixture. No significant differences were noticed between the two groups for daily dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility and plane of nutrition. However, rumen protozoal population decreased (P<0.01) about 51% due to supplementation of Piper betle leafs. Daily milk yield and milk composition were not influenced by the dietary treatment. Gross efficiency as well as net efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization for milk production was improved due to supplementation of Piper betle leafs. The results indicated that dietary supplementation of Piper betle leafs was beneficial in terms of to reduce rumen ciliate protozoal population and to improve dietary nitrogen utilization for milk production, but it did not alter feed digestion and milk production in diary cows.

Effect of Betel (Piper betle) Leaves Supplementation on Nutrient Utilization, Milk Yield and its Quality in Lactating Crossbred Cows

The effect of kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata), neem (Azadirachta indica), bamboo (Bambusa balcooa), kesuti (Eclipta alba), kanchan (Alternantherd sessilis) leaves and akanda (Calotrips gigantea) bark were tested at 3 different levels of replacement (0, 30 and 60 mg per 200 mg of substrate, consisting of paddy straw and concentrate mixture in 1:1 ratio) for in vitro methane production, ciliate protozoal population, enzyme profile and rumen fermentation characteristics. The gas as well as methane production (ml/g DM) was significantly lower due to inclusion of Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica and Calotrips gigantean in the incubation medium. Holotrich and spirotrich protozoal number also reduced due to inclusion of Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica and Calotrips gigantean. Azadirachta indica, Alternantherd sessilis and Eclipta alba had no influence on the enzyme activity of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase and β-glucosidase. However, specific activity of carboxymethyl cellulase and xylanase reduced significantly due to addition of Andrographis paniculata and Calotrips gigantea in the incubation medium. The results indicated that plant tested in the present experiment (leaves of Andrographis paniculata and Azadirachta indica and bark of Calotrips gigantea) reduces ruminal methanogenesis without much adverse effect in rumen fermentation.

Effect of plants containing secondary metabolites on ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis in vitro

A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of dietary sunflower oil supplementation on rumen protozoal population, fermentation charaterestics and enzyme profile in growing calves. Fifteen growing Jersey male crossbred calves were divided in to three equal groups (G1, G2 and G3) of five each. These calves were fed individually under stall feeding on a mixed ration containing green maize fodder and concentrate mixture in 50:50 ratio for 110 days. Sunflower oil was supplemented along with concentrate mixture at 0, 2 and 4% of the daily DM intake for two consecutive days at seven days intervals to the calves of G1, G2 and G3 group, respectively. Daily DM intake and apparent nutrient digestibility were similar among the three groups. Lowest (P<0.01) rumen protozoal number (both holotrich and spirotrich) was observed in the calves of G3 group followed by G2 and G1 group. Rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen concentration became lower (P<0.01) while TVFA and propionate production were higher in G2 and G3 calves. Further, the pH and ammonia nitrogen level were lower (P<0.01) whereas TVFA and propionate concentration were higher (P<0.01) in the rumen liquor of calves fed 4% (G3) than 2% (G2) sunflower oil. Activity of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase and ?-glucosidase was not influenced by the dietary supplementation. The results of the study indicated that dietary sunflower oil supplementation drastically reduced the rumen protozoal population and increased ruminal propionate production.

Effect of dietary sunflower oil on rumen protozoal population and fermentation characteristics in growing crossbred calves

Macro and micro-mineral status of feeds and fodders in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh

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