A simple and rapid method is presented for the preparation of I/sup 131/- labeled human growth hormone of high specific radioactivity (240-300 mu C/ mu g). Low amounts of carrierfree I/sup 131/ iodide (2 mC) are allowed to react, without prior treatment, with small quantities of protein (5 mu g) in a highyield reaction (approx. 70% transfer of I/sup 131/ to protein). The degree of chemical substitution is minimized (0.5- 1.0 atom of iodine/molecule of protein) by the use of carrier-free I/sup 131/ iodide. The I/sup 131/-labeled hormone (up to 300 mu C/ mu g) contains no detectable degradation products and is immunologically identical with the unlabeled hormone. The loss of immunological reactivity at high specific radioactivities or at high levels of chemical substitution with STAI/sup 127/!iodine is demonstrated. (auth)

The preparation of 131i-labelled human growth hormone of high specific radioactivity

worked for the smallpox eradi-cation programme in western Africa in 1962-1963 as a member of the staff of the W H O Regional Office for Africa. In 1964 he was transferred t o W H O Headquarters in Geneva, and in 1966 he joined the Smallpox Eradication unit, of which he was Chief from 1977 until 1984. He is now Director of the Kumamoto National Hospital in Japan and a member of the advisory group on international health of the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan. while at the Communicable Disease Center in the USA, was responsible in 1965-1 966 for the planning of the western and central African smallpox eradication-measles control programme, conducted with the support of the United States Agency for International Development. USSR from 1983 until his death in 1987. T h e authors alone are responsible for t h e views expressed i n t h i s publication. The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.

Smallpox and its eradication

The metabolism of very low density lipoprotein proteins. I. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo observations.

Publisher Summary Studies of the cell surface binding, internalization, and metabolism of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in cultured cells have provided useful information regarding the general aspects of receptor-mediated endocytosis. The study of the LDL receptor has been facilitated by analysis of mutant fibroblasts obtained from human subjects with disorders of cholesterol metabolism. The most informative cells, obtained from patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), have defects in the gene encoding the LDL receptor. The existence of three classes of mutant alleles at the LDL receptor locus has been deduced on the basis of genetic and kinetic data. One of these alleles specifies a receptor that is unable to bind LDL. The second type of allele specifies a receptor that can bind small amounts of LDL; and the third type of allele specifies a receptor that can bind LDL but cannot be incorporated into coated pits and hence cannot carry the LDL into the cell. The first two alleles are common among FH patients, whereas the third allele is extremely rare.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein in cultured cells

Binding and Degradation of Low Density Lipoproteins by Cultured Human Fibroblasts COMPARISON OF CELLS FROM A NORMAL SUBJECT AND FROM A PATIENT WITH HOMOZYGOUS FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA

BECAUSE of their crystallinity, a great deal is known about the ultimate chemical structure of the plant viruses, whereas little or no corresponding information is available for the animal viruses. Efforts to obtain X-ray diffraction patterns have not been successful, and attention has been turned in recent years towards the electron microscope as the tool most likely to solve the problem. For obvious reasons attention in the first instance has been directed to the larger animal viruses, but with the exceptions of nuclei-like bodies in the Rickettsise1 and less definite internal bodies in the pox group2,3, this technique has also proved disappointing. It is clear on the practical side that the size and density of the infective particles is such that 100-kV. electrons can only just penetrate them, and any internal differences in electron density which may exist must be of a low order—probably less than 20 per cent.

Structure of an animal virus.

THE behaviour of plasma proteins labelled with iodine-131 in the circulation of animals has been shown1–3 to correspond with that of the same proteins biosynthetically labelled with carbon-14, supporting the view that the iodine label, if properly applied, may be a reliable indicator of the behaviour of unlabelled molecules.

Albumin labelled with iodine-131 in an analbuminaemic subject.

AN ice sublimation or freeze-drying process will have maximum rate of vaporization per unit exposed area of frozen product at a specified temperature if the following conditions are satisfied : (i) The vapour pressure of ice sublimed on the condenser is negligible compared with ice at the product temperature, (ii) The condensing and product surfaces have a uniform and minimum separation (iii) The permanent gas (usually air) pressure in the product-condenser interspace is a minimum, (iv) Mechanical obstruction (in the form of radiation shields, sterile caps, etc) to vapour transfer from product to condenser is a minimum, (v) The product is of uniform and minimum thickness The first four conditions follow from kinetic considerations and ensure that reversed vapour transfer, length of vapour path, and obstruction to vapour transfer are a minimum The last condition as a consequence of the increase of drying-time with product thickness

Vacuum Sublimation of Ice in Bulk

IN the methods of iodination currently used only the cationic portion of the iodine molecule becomes bound to the ring structure of tyrosine, so that the theoretical efficiency of labelling is 50 per cent. In practice, efficiencies are always lower than this and may be only a few per cent when the ratio of iodine to protein used is less than one atom per molecule. Values greater than 50 per cent can be obtained by adding oxidizing agents to liberate iodine from iodide, but most if not all of these appear to affect adversely the properties of the labelled protein.

Efficient trace-labelling of proteins with iodine.

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Papers

Structure of an animal virus.

Albumin labelled with iodine-131 in an analbuminaemic subject.

Vacuum Sublimation of Ice in Bulk

Efficient trace-labelling of proteins with iodine.