Peanut is an important oilseed and food crop worldwide; however, the development of new cultivars is limited by its remarkably low genetic variability. Therefore, in order to enhance peanut genetic variability, here, we treated two widely cultivated peanut genotypes, Huayu 22 and Yueyou 45, with different concentrations of the mutagen ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS) for different durations. Based on median lethal dose (LD50) value, optimal EMS treatment concentrations for each duration were identified for each genotype. Mutants induced by EMS differed in various phenotypic traits, including plant height, number of branches, leaf characteristics, and yield and quality in plants of the M2 generation. Moreover, we identified potentially useful mutants associated with dwarfism, leaf color and shape, high oil and/or protein content, seed size and testa color, among individuals of the M2 generation. Mutations were stably inherited in M3-generation individuals. In addition to their contribution to the study and elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the expression of some important agronomic traits, the mutants obtained in this study provide valuable germplasm resources for use in peanut improvement programs.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/5/655/pdf

Ethyl Methyl Sulfonate-Induced Mutagenesis and Its Effects on Peanut Agronomic, Yield and Quality Traits

Pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum L.) var. B12 were mutagenized by four presoaking treatments in ten concentrations of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) to determine the sensitivity of the first generation (M1) to mutagens. The spectrum of mutations and induced variability for various quantitative traits, including germination, percent plant height, injury occurrence, survival ratio, first three fruits weight, and number of seeds per first fruit, were observed in the M1 generation. Our results indicated that all of the test parameters decreased with increasing EMS concentration, except for seedling injury. There were significant differences in germination ratio, LD50, plant height, percent injury, and survival ratio among the tested presoaking treatment. The LD50 was 1% EMS in seeds that were not presoaked (T1) and seeds presoaked for 12 h before treating with EMS (T3). In contrast, the LD50 was 0.5% EMS in seeds presoaked for 6 h (T2) and seeds presoaked in water for 6 h then incubated at 28°C for 12 h before EMS treatment (T4). Five dwarf plants were observed in mutagenized seeds without presoaking as compared to control seeds (at the maturity stage of the control plant).

Kill curve analysis and response of firstgeneration Capsicum annuum L. B12 cultivar to ethyl methane sulfonate

Sustainable production and improved genetic gains can be achieved by broadening the genetic window of elite wheat germplasm. Here, we induced mutations in two spring wheat varieties, viz., NN-Gandum-1 (NN-1) and Punjab-11 (Pb-11), by exposing their seeds to ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and γ-rays, respectively. We characterized >3500 lines of each NN-1 and Pb-11 derived population in three consecutive generations, viz., M5, M6, and M7, for important traits, e.g., plant height, heading date, spike morphology and rust resistance. We observed significant genetic variation and correlations in both populations for all investigated traits. We observed differences in terms of number of mutants between NN-1 (22.76%) and Pb-11 (26.18%) which could be ascribed to the genotype-by-mutagen interaction. High broad-sense heritability (H2) estimates, that are vital for higher genetic gains, were observed for all of the investigated traits in both populations (H2 = 0.69–0.91 in NN-1 and 0.84–0.98 in Pb-11). Particularly, to breed for rust resistance, we selected a subset (n = 239) of M7 lines that also showed phenotypic variation for other traits. Our studies (1) show the relevance to artificial mutagenesis to create genetic variation in elite germplasm for their immediate use in current breeding programs, and (2) provide material for downstream identification of genes associated with traits of high agronomic importance.

Prospects of Developing Novel Genetic Resources by Chemical and Physical Mutagenesis to Enlarge the Genetic Window in Bread Wheat Varieties

To evaluate the disease resistance of Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch. ‘Schwabenland Red’ mutants induced by ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), we investigated the incidence and severity of stem rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, and their morphological changes. In this study, we obtained three mutants with highly resistant disease after two rounds of screening when the inoculated amount was 3 sheets/plant. The severity scale was 0 and there were no obvious symptoms of stem rot in highly resistant Begonia × hiemalis. However, most of EMS mutagenized plants were susceptible to stem rot caused by R. solani under this inoculated amount. In addition, these resistant mutants had different phenotypes as compared with the uninfected control plants. The color of leaves of the R. solani-resistent mutants was different with the control plants and their leaves were bigger than that of the control. The shape and number of their flowers were obviously different, as compared to the control plants.

Ethyl methane sulfonate induces disease resistance in Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch.

Effect of ethyl methyl sulfonate concentration and different treatment conditions ongermination and seedling growth of thecucumber cultivar Chinese long (9930)

A comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for inducing mutation in chilli seeds of 10 different doses along with one respective control. Seeds were treated with 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kR of gamma rays and 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mM of ethyl methanesulfonate. The M1 generation was produced from these mutagen treated seeds. Several unique and interesting chlorophyll and viable mutants were obtained in the M generation (subsequent generation derived from the seeds of M 21 generation). Chlorophyll mutations are used to evaluate the genetic effects of various mutagens. The spectra of chlorophyll mutants albina, chlorina, viridis and lutescens were most frequently. In M generation, gamma 2 rays induced higher proportion of chlorophyll mutants than EMS. Frequency of viable mutants was, in general, higher in treatments with EMS than with gamma rays. Treatment with 30 mM EMS was more effective in inducing desirable mutations at the highest frequency. The desirable viable mutants of long and dark red pods, base non-bulging fruits, flower mutant (normally pentamerous flower but an abnormal behavior of trimerous, tetramerous, heptamerous), two or three flowers on a peduncle, profuse branching and pod setting and genic male sterility were isolated from different treatments. Lethality or biological injury, apparent as reduced germination, increased with increasing dose of gamma rays and EMS. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency generally increased with increasing dose of EMS. Mutation breeding will significantly increase the chilli amelioration both the effectiveness and efficacy of induced variability of desirable traits to develop improved genotypes.

Physical and Chemical Mutagenesis for Improvement of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)

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Physical and Chemical Mutagenesis for Improvement of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)