Steel factor coordinately regulates the molecular signature and biologic function of hematopoietic stem cells.

Epidemiological Transition of End-Stage Kidney Disease in Oman.

Organ transplantation is now an established treatment for patients with end-stage organ failure, yet there are spatial inequalities in access to this procedure. This paper explores the uneven geographies of kidney transplantation in London, arguing that inequalities in access to organ transplantation are created through interlocking spatialities of corporeal difference, enacted through global movements of populations, national organ transplantation protocols and the internal immunological spaces of the body. The combination of these processes, operating at different scales, has produced a distinctive configuration in the embodiment of risk in relation to kidney transplants, particularly born by London's Black and Asian communities. Two ethical dimensions to this geography of organ transplantation are explored here: the ethical responsiveness to others shaping the generous practices of organ donation, and the medical practices categorizing difference through techniques of blood typing, tissue matching and the spatial organization of organ transplantation. In concluding, I argue both are critical to understanding the links between ethics and justice in the geographies of organ exchange in London. Further, I suggest geography is central to political debate about the exchange of biological material elsewhere, for it is only through tracing the intersection of ethical, corporeal and technological practices in situ that we can fully reflect on questions of justice within the developing bioeconomy.

/pdf/patterning-the-geographies-of-organ-transplantation-2837tdkm7s.pdf

Patterning the geographies of organ transplantation: corporeality, generosity and justice

This series of responses was commissioned to accompany the article by Singer et al, which can be found at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6939/2/1. If you would like to comment on the article by Singer et al or any of the responses, please email us on editorial@biomedcentral.com.

/pdf/clinical-ethics-revisited-responses-525pttw4bk.pdf

Clinical ethics revisited: responses

Using a case study approach, we examine the potential of open source biotechnology platforms for global health and development. Two initiatives relying on collaborative online platforms are analyzed: projects by the nonprofit institute Cambia and India’s Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) project. Cambia is addressing neglected diseases by making relevant patent information available through both its Patent Lens project and its Initiative for Open Innovation. OSDD complements this initiative through a collaborative platform and open source practices to accelerate drug development for neglected diseases. Cambia as well as OSDD, while sharing the goal of addressing basic needs of the developing world, have each implemented principles of the open source movement in different ways. We find that, in open source biotechnology for global health and development, at least three linked senses of “open” should be considered: open access, open licensing, and open collaborative platforms. We conclude that biotechnology for global health and development can move ahead through its own version of open source practices and collaborative online platforms.

Open Source Biotechnology Platforms for Global Health and Development: Two Case Studies

Cultural and societal issues in organ transplantation: examples from different cultures.

Biotechnology and global health

Xenotransplantation and cloning: working with the World Health Organization to develop ethical guiding principles.

his manual aims to correct the inadequate and often inappropriate ethics instruction in developing countries, which is the perceived basis for the low level of observance of ethical standards and human rights by many health professionals. It is therefore intended for all health care workers in developing countries, where locally relevant educational materials are hard to come by. An important feature of the manual is the underlying assumption of a strong linkage between medical ethics and human rights. The justified implication is that the two necessarily co-exist and inform each other: where rights are not respected, ethical behavior tends to be eroded, with serious consequences for the health of the vulnerable and the disadvantaged. The authors waste little time distinguishing between ethics and human rights, precisely because they find the linkage between them and to health is so obvious. Those who have worked in countries where human rights are not respected will find it difficult to argue with this position, particularly when considering some of the territory that the manual attempts to cover: the rights of children, torture, the care of prisoners, and judicial punishments. Most would argue that adherence to principles shared between ethics and human rights, such as respect for jus-

Beyond the Georgetown Mantra

Societal issues in organ transplantation.

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