A triple-slope-based digital measurement platform is presented in this article as an innovative and efficient solution for three-wire resistive sensors. Employing three Op-amps and a distinctive triple-slope methodology, triple-slope-based digital measurement platform for a three-wire connected resistive sensor (TDMR) exhibits superior performance with reduced measurement cycles and conversion time. Operating within a broad measurement range, TDMR eliminates the necessity for precise components, enhancing its affordability with the use of cost-effective elements. The experimental validation underscores TDMR’s prowess, displaying linear input-output characteristics and achieving a maximum nonlinearity error of 0.15%, with a measured maximum error of $0.7~\Omega $ . The comprehensive evaluation extends to assessments of wire resistance variations and key performance parameters, such as standard deviation, signal-to-noise ratio, and so on, further solidifying TDMR as the optimal choice for three-wire resistive sensors.

A Novel Triple-Slope-Based Digital Measurement Platform for 3-Wire Connected Resistive Sensors

This paper discusses direct-microcontroller technique based linearizing digital circuits for thermistors. The methodology of a basic digitizer, based on a single mode linearization topology, is discussed first. An improved digital converter with less non-linearity, equipped with dual mode linearization, is then proposed. The resistor parameters of these converters are optimized for non-linearity, using a differential evolution approach. This algorithm converts the inherent constrained optimization problem to an unconstrained one, and arrives at resistor parameters for achieving best linearity. The performance of both (single mode and dual mode) digitizers have been studied using simulation and experimental studies over multiple temperature ranges. Results show that dual mode digitizer provide lower non-linearity than single mode counterpart. The measured non-linearity of dual mode digitizer is 0.47% for 5°C to 45°C and 3.45% for an extended range of 0 °C to 120°C.

Studies on Linearizing Direct-Digital Converter Schemes for Thermistors

The paper proposes a direct-digital interfacing circuit for linearization of thermistors. The proposed circuit comprises a switched passive linearized network and a simple relaxation-oscillator circuit for digitization. The salient features of the proposed scheme include, 1) simple architecture for thermistor linearization, 2) direct-digital output, without requiring analog-to-digital conversion, 3) usage of a single (uni-polar) reference voltage. The working principle of the interfacing system is established using a detailed mathematical derivation. The efficacy of the proposed digitizer is evaluated using simulation and hardware experiment studies, over different range of temperatures. Results demonstrate that the interfacing system can work very well for the temperatures considered. This digital converter can find number of applications, in aviation, aerospace and other industrial sectors. 

Design and Performance Studies of a Simple Direct Digital Electronic Instrumentation System for Thermistor Interfacing

Thermistors are widely used as temperature transducers due to their low cost, small dimensions, and high sensitivity. However, their nonlinear resistance-temperature characteristics make their use in temperature measurement and control applications challenging. This paper presents a new method to linearize thermistors using an op-amp-based astable multivibrator and an artificial neural network. The proposed technique involves obtaining frequency values corresponding to the resistance values of the thermistor using an op-amp-based astable multivibrator circuit. The nonlinear frequency data obtained can then be used to train an ANN to obtain the best-fit linear curve. A signal conditioning circuit is then constructed that takes the read frequency value and matches it to its corresponding linearized value, which is displayed. The method offers several advantages over traditional techniques, including improved accuracy and reduced cost. Additionally, it can improve the accuracy of measuring temperature, and control applications by eliminating the nonlinearities associated with thermistors.

Implementation of Artificial Neural Network-Based Signal Conditioning Circuit for a Temperature Transducer

This work presents the design, implementation, and experimental evaluation of a novel measurement circuit for four-wire resistive sensors, such as RTD thermal sensors. The proposed circuit sequentially measures four resistances with information about the sensor resistance and also the parasitic resistances involved. The signal resulting from the previous four measurements is then averaged by means of a low-pass filter to obtain a final output voltage that is independent of the parasitic resistances and also of their mismatches. The circuit features low-cost components, including OpAmps, switches, and resistors, integrated with a microcontroller for a precise measurement of the resistance of the sensor. The circuit eliminates errors arising from wire and switch resistances and their mismatches, ensuring accurate and reliable measurements. Experimental studies conducted using an OP07 Ie-based prototype demonstrate high linearity and minimal dependency on circuit parameters. The performance of the circuit is evaluated under varying RTD resistances and wire resistances, showing a maximum relative error of 0.37 %. Additionally, the power consumption of the circuit is measured as 40 m W. The results obtained from various studies indicate that the developed circuit offers a practical solution for accurate four-wire connected RTD resistance measurements, with potential applications in automotive, aerospace, and biomedical industries.

A Novel Measurement Circuit for Four-Wire RTD Thermal Sensors Controlled by a Low-Cost Microcontroller

Thermistors are widely employed for temperature sensing in a number of industrial scenarios. The transfer characteristics of thermistor follows a nonlinear curve. This paper proffers a simple analog front-end circuit that can linearize thermistor characteristics. The front end operates based on a dual-mode feedback compensation principle. The design and optimization of the front-end is discussed in the paper. The front-end, equipped with the optimized values for passive components, can render a non-linearity as low as 0.35% for a wide temperature range. The effect of drift and tolerance of optimization variables are analysed. Further, the efficacy of the front-end has been established using simulation and experimental studies with thermistor characteristics. Experimental results of the developed thermistor front-end gives a non-linearity of 0.57% over a temperature span of 120°C.

An Analog Front-End Using Feedback Compensation Technique for Thermistor Linearization

A simple and low-cost digital measurement system suitable for a four-wire RTD sensor is reported in this manuscript. The digital measurement platform suits for the linear estimation of the resistance of the RTD sensor without depending on the connecting wire resistances and their mismatches. In addition, this measurement system requires only four conversion cycles to make the output free from errors, related to the microcontroller voltage-levels. The proposed measurement platform also has the privilege to select the comparator threshold levels. This makes the output of the circuit independent from the tolerance-related errors. The working of the digital platform is mathematically derived and detailed in this manuscript. Later, the effect of possible error sources is also analyzed. The methodology is verified using extensive simulation and experimental studies. A linear transfer characteristic is obtained during these tests, and the measured maximum nonlinearity is 0.38 %. Finally, a short comparison is also performed with the existing techniques for four-wire RTD.

Performance Evaluation of Simple Digital Measurement Platform for Remotely-Located RTD Applications

A simple digital interface circuit suitable for a three-wire resistance thermometer is reported in this article. The digitizer provides a linear transfer characteristic without dependence on the connecting wire resistances. Besides, the digital interface produces the output using two conversion cycles. The methodology of the digital interface circuit is mathematically derived and analyzed. Later, the effect of dominant error sources is also detailed. The performance of the circuit is initially verified using simulation studies as well as experimental studies. A linear output characteristic is obtained during these tests, and maximum output-nonlinearity does not exceed 0.25 %. Finally, the experimental results of the proposed circuit are compared with the theoretical and simulation results, and the prior art.

Enhanced Digital Interface Circuit for Three-wire Connected Resistance Thermometers

The paper reports the design and performance studies of a digital signal conditioning circuit for amperometric sensors. A number of amperometric sensors provide a current-output having large dynamic span. The proposed circuit is designed to measure sensor currents ranging from 10 pA to 10 µA (dynamic range : 106). The circuit comprises a multi-stage transimpedance amplifier cascaded with a secondary integrator amplifier. Apart from wide-span, the salient features of the circuit include a) Simplicity of design, b) reduced effects of quantization error, c) good speed of response and d) bipolar measuring ability. The design, simulation and experimental aspects of the designed circuit is reported in the paper. The circuit, designed for a response time of 15 ms and quantization error ≤0.5 %, was observed to have a maximum non-linearity of 0.88 % in the range ± (10 pA, 10 µA).

Performance Investigation of a Digital Signal Conditioner with 120 dB Range for Amperometric Sensors

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