The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is one of the world's most economically damaging pests. It displays highly seasonal population dynamics, and the environmental conditions suitable for its abundance are not constant throughout the year in most places. An extensive literature search was performed to obtain the most comprehensive data on the historical and contemporary spatio-temporal occurrence of the pest globally. The database constructed contained 2328 unique geo-located entries on Medfly detection sites from 43 countries and nearly 500 unique localities, as well as information on hosts, life stages and capture method. Of these, 125 localities had information on the month when Medfly was recorded and these data were complemented by additional material found in comprehensive databases available online. Records from 1980 until present were used for medfly environmental niche modeling. Maximum Entropy Algorithm (MaxEnt) and a set of seasonally varying environmental covariates were used to predict the fundamental niche of the Medfly on a global scale. Three seasonal maps were also produced: January-April, May-August and September-December. Models performed significantly better than random achieving high accuracy scores, indicating a good discrimination of suitable versus unsuitable areas for the presence of the species.

/pdf/global-assessment-of-seasonal-potential-distribution-of-27x5pd000t.pdf

Global assessment of seasonal potential distribution of Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method described in a previous publication to document worldwide population structure of Mediterranean fruit flies and analyze probable sources of fly introductions is re-evaluated. Analysis of representatives of the RFLP-based markers using the ND5-tRNA-ND4 mitochondrial locus through DNA sequencing shows that the original markers produced haplotypes that are homoplasic and exclude valuable information. DNA sequences also identified errors in data generated with the protocol because of failure of the XbaI enzyme to efficiently cut PCR product. In all, the PCR-RFLP method is able to document haplotypes present in medfly populations outside of Sub-Saharan Africa and is a cost-effective approach to pathway analysis. New primer pairs for analysis of this locus are reported that reduce the number of PCR steps required to analyze the RFLP marker and the time of each PCR run. For comparison of the PCR-RFLP method, the utility of a DNA sequence-based approach to Mediterranean fruit fly pathway analysis is reported using the ND5-ND4 locus and the proposed "barcode region" of the COI gene. Both gene sequences are more informative than the PCR-RFLP method and document high genetic variation within Sub-Saharan Africa. Application of these methods as tools and their interpretation is discussed.

Pathway Analysis of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Using Mitochondrial DNA

/pdf/speciation-and-phylogeography-of-the-southeast-asian-45qn9f3vu0.pdf

Speciation and phylogeography of the Southeast Asian Anopheles sundaicus complex.

Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is recognized as the vector of citrus leprosis virus that is a significant problem in several South American countries. Citrus leprosis has been reported from Florida in the past but no longer occurs on citrus in North America. The disease was recently reported in Central America, suggesting that B. phoenicis constitutes a potential threat to the citrus industries of North America and the Caribbean. Besides B. phoenicis, B. obovatus Donnadieu, and B. californicus (Banks) have been incriminated as vectors of citrus leprosis virus and each species has hundreds of host plants. In this study, Brevipalpus mite specimens were collected from different plants, especially citrus, in the States of Florida (USA) and Sao Paulo (Brazil), and reared on citrus fruit under standard laboratory conditions. Mites were taken from these colonies for DNA extraction and for morphological species identification. One hundred and two Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were scored along with amplification and sequencing of a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene fragment (374 bp). Variability among the colonies was detected with consistent congruence between both molecular data sets. The mites from the Florida and Brazilian colonies were morphologically identified as belonging to B. phoenicis, and comprise a monophyletic group. These colonies could be further diagnosed and subdivided geographically by mitochondrial DNA analysis.

Mitochondrial DNA and RAPD polymorphisms in the haploid mite Brevipalpus phoenicis (Acari: Tenuipalpidae).

Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos

Three different molecular techniques—gel electrophoresis of isozymes, restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) in mitochondrial DNA, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-polymerase chain reaction)—have been used to infer the geographical origin of a laboratory population of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). We have analyzed 3 natural populations from different geographical regions of Spain (south, center, and east), and a laboratory population, the origin of which was to be checked by means of these molecular approaches. The results showed that the RAPD-PCR and mitochondrial DNA analysis yielded the correct origin of the laboratory population, whereas the isozyme analysis failed to determine the origin of this population. The results are discussed in relation to the possible bottlenecks and selective effects that could had taken place. These effects may have influenced genetic variability and the suitability of those markers for detecting the geographical origin of populations.

Use of Molecular Markers for Detecting the Geographical Origin of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Populations

Ceratitis capitata is one of the most important pest species in the tropical and temperate regions of the world, however, genetic knowledge of this species is still very limited. In the present study, we have attempted for the first time an analysis of the genetic variability in seven natural populations of C. capitata by means of abundant soluble proteins, combining high resolution techniques such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining methods. A total of 66 polypeptides have been analyzed. The results show the existence of a decreasing trend in the ‘levels’ of polymorphism from the southern areas to the northern that is correlated with the latitude of the sampling areas, most probably due to the colonization process of the Iberian Peninsula. On the other hand, and with relation to the ‘pattern’ of the variability, a geographic differentiation (not strictly latitudinal) is detected when an UPGMA clustering method was applied to the data. Moreover, principal component anaysis has revealed that a part of this differentiation could be explained in relation with environmental factors such as annual rainfall and minimum temperature in winter months. This is suggesting that selection (added to the historical process) could be playing an important role in the process of geographic differentiation, ‘shaping’ the pattern of that variability. No host-related differentiation has been observed in these samples.

Genetic differentiation in Spanish populations of Ceratitis capitata as revealed by abundant soluble protein analysis.

REYES, A; C CALLEJAS, P RODA Y M D OCHANDO: Caracterizacion genetica en Ceratitis capitata asociada a fruto hospedador II Analisis mediante RAPD-PCR Bol San Veg Plagas, 22 (2): 361-371 We have used the RAPD-PCR tecnique, to genetically identify two simpatric population samples of Ceratitis capitata, one infesting figs, and the other peaches This methodology revealed a large amount of genetic variation in these two populations A total of 183 bands were detected, 49 present in all the screened individuals, 19 only present in one or the other population, however in low frequencies, and 5 show up frequencies statistically different between populations The results are discussed in relation to the validity of the RAPD-PCR technique to host and biotype diagnostics

Caracterización genética en Ceratitis capitata asociada a fruto hospedador. II. Análisis mediante RAPD-PCR.

RODA, P.; C. CALLEJAS, A. REYES Y M. D. OCHANDO, 1996: Caracterizacion geneti- ca en Ceratitis capitata wied. asociada a fruto hospedador. I. Analisis isoenzimatico.Bol. San Veg. Plagas, 22 (1): 71-78Allozyme variation at 22 enzyme loci were compared for two simpatric samples ofCeratitis capitata , one infesting figs and the other, peaches. Aliele frequencies for 5 ofthe 22 loci displaying host associated differences. However this genetic differentiation,we can not possitively affirm the existence of host races.Host recognition and host associated developmental traits are discussed as impor-tant selective factors differentiating peach and fig flies.Key words: Ceratitis capitata, electrophoresis, genetic variability, host race.REFERENCIAS AYALA, F.J., POWELL, J.R., TRACEY, M.L., MOURAO, C.A. AND PEREZ-SALAS, S. 1972. Enzyme variabilityin the Drosophila willistoni group. IV. Genetic varia-tion in natural populations of Drosophila willistoni.Genetics, 70:113-139. BARUFFI, L., DAMIANI, G., GUGLELMINO, C.R., BANDI, C,MALACRIDA, A.R. AND GASPERI, G. 1995. Polymorphism

Caracterización genética en Ceratitis capitata Wied. asociada a fruto hospedador. I. Análisis isoenzimático

CALLEJAS, C ; RODA, P.; REYES, A. y OCHANDO, M. D., 1998: Identificacion genetica de Dacus -Bactroceraoleae Gmelin (Diptera: Tephritidae) mediante marcadores RAPD-PCR. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 24(Adenda al n.° 4): 873-882. The introduction of molecular genetic methodologies in the field of applied entomology, can offer us an unique opportunity for unambigous identification of species, as well as for the characterization of races, biotypes and populations. In the present work, we have used the RAPD-PCR tecnique, to genetically identify two population samples of Dacus -Bactroceraoleae, one from Jaen, and the other from Sevilla. A total of 30 adult flies from each population were screened with 7 diferent primers. From the 94 obtained bands, 17 were present in all the analyzed individuals, 11 only present in one or the other population, however in very low frequencies, and the rest were variables. The results make evident the validity of the RAPD-PCR technique for characterization and unambiguous identification of insects, with the obvious derived advantages for pest control management.

Identificación genética de Dacus - Bactrocera- oleae Gmelin (Diptera:Tephritidae) mediante marcadores RAPD-PCR

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