In this paper, we continue to build support for the proposal to use gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as standard candles in constructing the Hubble diagram at redshifts beyond the current reach of Type Ia supernova observations. We confirm that correlations among certain spectral and light-curve features can indeed be used as luminosity indicators, and demonstrate from the most up-to-date GRB sample appropriate for this work that the Lambda CDM model optimized with these data is characterized by parameter values consistent with those in the concordance model. Specifically, we find that (Omega(m), Omega(Lambda)) approximate to (0.25(-0.06)(+0.05), 0.75(-0.05)(+0.06)), which are consistent, to within 1 sigma, with (0.29, 0.71) obtained from the 9 yr Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data. We also carry out a comparative analysis between Lambda CDM and the R-h = ct universe and find that the optimal Lambda CDM model fits the GRB Hubble diagram with a reduced chi(2)(dof) approximate to 2.26, whereas the fit using R-h = ct results in a chi(2)(dof) approximate to 2.14. In both cases, about 20% of the events lie at least 2 sigma away from the best-fit curves, suggesting that either some contamination by non-standard GRB luminosities is unavoidable or that the errors and intrinsic scatter associated with the data are being underestimated. With these optimized fits, we use three statistical tools-the Akaike information criterion, the Kullback information criterion, and the Bayes information criterion-to show that, based on the GRB Hubble diagram, the likelihood of R-h = ct being closer to the correct model is similar to 85%-96%, compared to similar to 4%-15% for Lambda CDM.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/772/1/43/pdf

The gamma-ray burst hubble diagram and its implications for cosmology

Measuring gamma-ray burst (GRB) properties in their rest-frame is crucial to understand the physics at work in gamma-ray bursts. This can only be done for GRBs with known redshift. Since redshifts are usually measured from the optical spectrum of the afterglow, correlations between prompt and afterglow emissions may introduce biases in the distribution of rest-frame properties of the prompt emission. Our analysis is based on a sample of 90 GRBs with good optical follow-up and well measured prompt emission. 76 of them have a measure of redshift and 14 have no redshift. We estimate their optical brightness with their R magnitude measured two hours after the trigger and compare the rest frame prompt properties of different classes of GRB afterglow brightness. We find that the optical brightness of GRBs in our sample is mainly driven by their intrinsic afterglow luminosity. We show that GRBs with low and high afterglow optical fluxes have similar Epi , Eiso , Liso , indicating that the rest-frame distributions computed from GRBs with a redshift are not significantly distorted by optical selection effects. However we found that the rest frame T90 distribution is not immune to optical selection effect, which favor the selection of GRBs with longer durations. Finally, we note that GRBs in the upper part of the Epi-Eiso plane have fainter optical afterglows and we show that optical selection effects strongly favor the detection of GRBs with bright afterglows located close or below the best-fit Epi-Eiso relation, whose redshift is easily measurable.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/0004-637X/831/1/28/pdf

Investigating the impact of optical selection effects on observed rest frame prompt GRB properties

GRB 030328: optical observations.

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GRB 030328: optical observations.