Review article: Developments in dynamic and intelligent reconfiguration of industrial automation

Future manufacturing is envisioned to be highly flexible and adaptable. New technologies for reconfigurable systems and their adaptations are preconditions for this vision. Without such solutions, engineering adaptations of Industrial Process Measurement and Control Systems (IPMCS) will exceed the costs of engineered systems by far and the reuse of equipment will become inefficient. Especially the reconfiguration of control applications is not sufficiently solved. This paper gives an overview of the use of reconfiguration applications for downtimeless system evolution of control applications on basis of the standard IEC 61499. A new approach for the reconfiguration of IEC 61499 based control application and the corresponding modeling is discussed. This new method significantly increases engineering efficiency and reuse in component-based IPMCS.

Zero Downtime Reconfiguration of Distributed Automation Systems: The εCEDAC Approach

Timely run-time software replacement techniques are a corner stone for reconciling real-time systems development and dynamic behavior. Typical real-time systems do not consider dynamic behavior because it deeply challenges predictability and timeliness. Current efforts are starting to merge the safe and predictable execution with a controllable level of dynamicity by imposing a set of bounds and limitations to the system dynamic behavior. One of the obstacles for this is how to time-bound the different operations required to effectively implement component replacement. In this paper, the main challenges for this problem are identified, and a model to ensure that components can be replaced at run time preserving the temporal properties of the system is provided that also avoids failures in replacements. A real example and simulations of our replacement model are provided that validate the presented ideas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Scheduling component replacement for timely execution in dynamic systems

Comparative analysis of two different middleware approaches for reconfiguration of distributed real-time systems

Supporting self-management behaviour by means of component-based architectural solutions has been the focus of many current research projects. In such a context, handling unanticipated changes with no impacts in application-specific software artefacts is a challenging problem. In this paper, we present a component-based solution for the specification and execution of self-management behaviour that decouples application-specific from autonomic-specific software artefacts (non-intrusive approach) and supports unanticipated changes in distributed heterogeneous environments. We describe the designed components for environment monitoring, adaptation policies specification, and changes redeployment and present a reference implementation built on top of CIAO middleware - a Lightweight CORBA Component Model implementation that supports dynamic reconfiguration of components and connectors. We also present two evaluation experiments, which provide self-optimization and self-healing behaviour in a distributed industrial supervision and control system.

A non-intrusive component-based approach for deploying unanticipated self-management behaviour

Increasing capabilities of modern microcontrollers greatly increase their applicability to more and more complex scenarios. However, unstable and ever-changing environmental settings require embedded systems permanently to adapt to new situations. Dynamic reconfiguration provides a powerful mechanism to execute such adaptation strategies. The implementation of dynamic reconfiguration is still challenging for embedded real-time control software. Within earlier work we have presented our framework Adapt.NET for runtime adaption of component-based applications, including a runtime infrastructure for dynamic reconfiguration and monitoring, targeted for mobile and desktop environments. New experiments in our Web-based remote laboratory - the distributed control lab - require the reconfiguration to complete in bounded time. In the remote lab we use dynamic reconfiguration to adapt experiment control to failures in user control components. Within this paper, we analyze the timing behavior of the implemented dynamic reconfiguration algorithm in order to allow for predictable execution times. We describe how complex component-based real-time applications can be adapted to changing environmental conditions, continuously meeting all tasks deadlines during dynamic reconfiguration.

Dynamic reconfiguration of component-based real-time software

This paper introduces ReDAC, a new algorithm for dynamic reconfiguration of multi-threaded applications. In order to achieve high reliability and availability, distributed component software has to support dynamic reconfiguration. Typical examples include the application of hot-fixes to deal with security vulnerabilities. ReDAC can be implemented on top of the modern component-platforms Java and .NET. We extend the statical term component, denoting a unit of deployment, to runtime by defining a capsule (runtime component instance) to be a set of interconnected objects. This allows us to apply dynamic updates at the level of components during runtime without stopping whole applications. Using system-wide unique identifiers for threads (logical thread IDs), we can detect and also bring capsules into a reconfigurable state by selectively blocking threads, relying on data structures maintained by additional logic integrated into the capsules using aspect-oriented programming. An important contribution of this paper is that ReDAC supports the dynamic reconfiguration of distributed multi-threaded and re-entrant components with cyclic call dependencies.

ReDAC -- Dynamic Reconfiguration of Distributed Component-Based Applications with Cyclic Dependencies

Virtual machine-based programming languages, such as Java and C # have made the programming of desktop computer systems simpler, less error-prone and more efficient. Embedded systems development rarely benefits from this advantages. This is because the disciplines special needs, such as direct hardware access and timelininess, are rarely considered in these environments. In particular, virtual machines usually do not allow for accessing hardware directly, making it impossible to express substantial parts of embedded systems inside the virtual environment. By specifying additional rules, describing an implementation of a conforming compiler, and presenting examples, we show how the virtual machine defined by the ECMA standard 335 can be carefully extended to support hardware-near programming

Hardware-Near Programming in the Common Language Infrastructure

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Dynamic reconfiguration of component-based real-time software

ReDAC -- Dynamic Reconfiguration of Distributed Component-Based Applications with Cyclic Dependencies

Hardware-Near Programming in the Common Language Infrastructure