Previous studies using echocardiography in healthy subjects have reported conflicting data regarding the percentage of the stroke volume (SV) of the left ventricle (LV) resulting from longitudinal ...

Atrioventricular plane displacement is the major contributor to left ventricular pumping in healthy adults, athletes, and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

Although longitudinally directed fibres—situated mainly in the subepicardium and subendocardium regions of the left and right ventricular free walls and the papillary muscles—comprise only a small proportion of the total ventricular myocardial mass, they play a major role in the maintenance of normal ejection fraction and in determining atrioventricular interactions.1 Not surprisingly, therefore, loss of longitudinal fibre function leads to characteristic disturbances.

Longitudinal function is always reduced when ventricular cavity size is increased, in addition ejection fraction is reduced and may be absent.2 3 This relation is consistent enough for long axis amplitude, or its equivalent, the amplitude of atrioventricular ring motion, to be used as an index of ejection fraction.4It applies not only to the left ventricle, where it can be shown to relate to prognosis but also to the right, where it provides a simple method of assessing right ventricular function.5 When overall long axis amplitude is low, peak shortening and lengthening rates are reduced. In restrictive left ventricular disease, long axis amplitude is low even when cavity size is normal at end diastole, although the effects of this reduction are apparent in a reduced amplitude of wall thickening and thus of shortening fraction.6 After mitral valve replacement, long axis amplitude is strikingly reduced; this does not occur with mitral valve repair or mild mitral stenosis,7 nor is it a consistent effect of cardiopulmonary bypass done for other reasons, and so is likely to be the result of loss of papillary muscle function. Although shortening fraction is frequently normal in such patients, normal wall thickening is associated with an exaggerated amplitude of epicardial motion, possibly to compensate for loss of the component owing to long axis shortening.

Regional reduction in the extent and velocity of long axis shortening is common after …

https://heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/81/3/229.full.pdf

Long axis function in disease

Because the motion of the base of the heart plays a central role in its filling and emptying, we developed an original method to characterize the base motion dynamics throughout each cycle by use of pulsed Doppler echocardiography. A 100 Hz wall filter and low gain settings were used to record the low-frequency, high-energy Doppler signals generated by the motion of the base. From the apical four-chamber view, the sample volume was placed at the lateral margin and at the common septal margin of the tricuspid and mitral annuli. These signals were differentiated from left and right atrioventricular flows by their opposite direction, higher energy, timing, and unique audio signal. The dynamics of the cardiac base were quantitated in 17 normal subjects (31 ± 13 years). The time relationship between transvalvular flows and the motion of the base was studied in nine normal subjects by matching recordings at the same RR interval. The Doppler signal of the motion of the cardiac base showed a succession of positive (apically directed) and negative (atrially directed) velocity waves. Differences in the dynamics of the cardiac base were demonstrated between its left and right components, probably related to different loading conditions and different myocardial mechanical properties. The relationship between the motion of the base and mitral flow as shown in this study suggests that Doppler-measured mitral flow velocity underestimates relative left ventricular inflow velocity with respect to the atrium by about 1790 at peak early flow and by 20% at peak late flow. The method reported in the present study allows a more informative noninvasive quantitation of the cardiac base motion derived from measurements of its velocity, excursion, and acceleration. This new method may provide unique information on the left ventricular and right ventricular performance in the meridional direction.

Quantitation of the Motion of the Cardiac Base in Normal Subjects by Doppler Echocardiography

Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) has been suggested as a parameter for left ventricular (LV) function. This review describes the current clinical application and potential implications of routinely using MAPSE in patients with various cardiovascular diseases. Reduced MAPSE reflects impaired longitudinal function and thus provides complementary information to ejection fraction (EF), which represents the global result of both longitudinal and circumferential contraction. Reduced long-axis deformation results from dysfunctional or stressed longitudinal myofibres due to endo- (and potentially epi-) cardial ischaemia, fibrosis, or increased wall stress. In patients with aortic stenosis, reduced MAPSE is suggestive of subendocardial fibrosis. Moreover, reduced MAPSE could be used as a sensitive early marker of LV systolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients with normal EF, where compensatory increased circumferential deformation might mask the reduced longitudinal deformation. In addition, reduced MAPSE was associated with poor prognosis in patients with heart failure, atrial fibrillation and post-myocardial infarction as well as in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement. Despite of the routine use of newer and more refined echocardiographic technologies nowadays, such as strain-rate imaging, speckle-tracking imaging, and 3D echocardiography, the use of MAPSE measurement is still especially helpful to evaluate LV systolic function in case of poor sonographic windows, since good imaging quality is required for most of the modern echocardiographic techniques with the exception of tissue Doppler imaging.

/pdf/clinical-implication-of-mitral-annular-plane-systolic-izna9ll4fo.pdf

Clinical implication of mitral annular plane systolic excursion for patients with cardiovascular disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of atrioventricular plane displacement in heart failure patients. DESIGN: Patients were followed prospectively for one year after atrioventricular plane displacement determination. SETTING: Malmo University Hospital, with a primary catchment area of 250,000 inhabitants. PATIENTS: 181 patients with a clinical diagnosis of heart failure; age 75.7 (SD 5.2) years, duration of heart failure 2.7 (5.7) years; 100 men, 81 women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality in relation to atrioventricular plane displacement. RESULTS: Total mortality was 22.7% (41/181), and was highly significantly (P = 0.001) related to atrioventricular plane displacement. Mortality within prospectively defined categories of displacement was: > or = 10.0 mm, 0% (0/19); 8.2 to 9.9 mm, 10.3% (3/29); 6.4 to 8.1 mm, 19.4% (12/62); and < 6.4 mm, 36.6% (26/71). The groups were similar in age, sex, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and beta blocker treatment, and cause and duration of heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality in heart failure is strongly related to atrioventricular plane displacement.

https://heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/78/3/230.full.pdf

Left ventricular atrioventricular plane displacement: an echocardiographic technique for rapid assessment of prognosis in heart failure.

Echocardiographic recording of the atrioventricular (AV) plane displacement during the cardiac cycle was used to assess left ventricular (LV) global function in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) The study population consisted of 70 patients with chronic CHF (NYHA functional groups III and IV) following dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or myocardial infarction (MI), and 35 age-matched healthy subjects The AV plane displacement was recorded from the apical 4- and 2-chamber views at four LV sites located about 90 degrees apart and representing the septal, anterior, lateral and posterior parts of the LV wall A mean value was calculated from the above sites (AV-mean) Patients with CHF showed a significant generalized reduction of AV plane displacement compared to healthy subjects (56 mm vs 145 mm, P less than 0001) Thirty CHF patients also underwent radionuclide angiography in order to determine the ejection fraction (EF) The correlation between AV-mean and EF was good (r = 082, P less than 0001) The selection of an AV-mean of less than 7 mm to define a severely depressed LV function (EF less than 30%) gave a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 67% It is concluded that the AV plane displacement can be used to estimate LV systolic function in patients with CHF

Atrioventricular plane displacement in severe congestive heart failure following dilated cardiomyopathy or myocardial infarction.

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Atrioventricular plane displacement in severe congestive heart failure following dilated cardiomyopathy or myocardial infarction.