The various application possibilities of microscopic x-ray fluorescence and associated methods for the characterization and provenance analysis of objects and materials of cultural heritage value are discussed by means of a number of case studies. They include the trace analysis of historic glass, the analysis of corroded coins and statues in bronze and silver and the study of inks on historical documents. These studies are conducted by means of micro-XRF instruments installed at synchrotron beamlines and by means of laboratory equipment, some of which is easily transportable to the museum or archaeological site where the objects of interest are located. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Use of microscopic XRF for non‐destructive analysis in art and archaeometry

Driven by the need to study precious and irreplaceable artworks without compromising their integrity, researchers have undertaken numerous efforts to develop noninvasive analytical tools and methodologies that can provide a chemical description of cultural heritage materials without any contact with the object. The challenge is that artworks are made of complex mixtures, often with heterogeneous and unknown layered materials. Their components must be identified over a range of size scales, from the molecular identification of constituent compounds to the mapping of alteration phases. In this Account, we review recent research in spectroscopic techniques accessible from the mobile laboratory (MOLAB). The lab is equipped with an array of state-of-the-art, portable, and noninvasive instruments specifically tailored to tackle the different issues confronted by archaeologists, curators, and conservators. The MOLAB approach is suitable for studying a variety of objects, from ceramics to manuscripts or from hist...

In situ noninvasive study of artworks: the MOLAB multitechnique approach.

The development of fieldable laser-induced breakdown spectrometer: No limits on the horizon

Elemental distribution maps are of great interest in the study of historical paintings, as they allow to investigate the pigment use of the artist, to image changes made in the painting during or after its creation and in some cases to reveal discarded paintings that were later over painted. Yet a method that allows to record such maps of a broad range of elements in a fast, non-destructive and in situ manner is not yet commonly available; a dedicated mobile scanning XRF instrument might fill this gap. In this paper we present three self-built scanning macro-XRF instruments, each based on the experience gained with its precursor. These instruments are compared in terms of sensitivity and limits of detection, which includes a discussion of the use of polycapillary optics and pinhole collimators as beam defining devices. Furthermore, the imaging capabilities of the instruments are demonstrated in three exemplary cases: (parts of) historical paintings from the 15th to the 19th century are examined. These cases illustrate the value of element specific distribution maps in the study of historical paintings and allow in the case of Vincent van Gogh's “Patch of Grass” a direct comparison between in situ and synchrotron based scanning macro-XRF.

Optimization of mobile scanning macro-XRF systems for the in situ investigation of historical paintings

Micro X-ray fluorescence analysis (μ-XRF) is one of the newest branches of XRF, which has developed very rapidly since 1990. In this review, we first discuss a number of papers that describe advances in instrumentation and (calibration) methods that can contribute towards more reliable quantitative analysis using μ-XRF. This first part also includes recent papers that aim to characterize the heterogeneity of standards useful for calibrating μ-XRF set-ups. We then present a short overview of recently published papers in which the (semi-)quantitative nature of μ-XRF is exploited, including studies in which μ-XRF is compared to other microanalytical methods providing compositional information or is used in combination with other methods in order to characterize materials more completely.

Recent trends in quantitative aspects of microscopic X-ray fluorescence analysis

A compact small-beam XRF instrument for in-situ analysis of objects of historical and/or artistic value

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A compact small-beam XRF instrument for in-situ analysis of objects of historical and/or artistic value