Status of the World’s Soil Resources Main report

Soil compaction causes substantial reduction in agriculture productivity and has always been of great distress for farmers. Intensive agriculture seems to be more crucial in causing compaction. High mechanical load, less crop diversification, intensive grazing, and irrigation methods lead to soil compaction. It is further exasperated when these factors are accompanied with low organic matter, animal trampling, engine vibrations, and tillage at high moisture contents. Soil compaction increases soil bulk density and soil strength, while decreases porosity, aggregate stability index, soil hydraulic conductivity, and nutrient availability, thus reduces soil health. Consequently, it lowers crop performance via stunted aboveground growth coupled with reduced root growth. This paper reviews the potential causes of compaction and its consequences that have been published in last two decades. Various morphological and physiological alterations in plant as result of soil compaction have also been discussed in this review.

Soil compaction effects on soil health and cropproductivity: an overview.

Improvements in water productivity and yield arise from interactions between varieties (G) and their management (M). Most G3M interactions considered by breeders and physiologists focus on in-crop management (e.g. sowing time, plant density, N management). However, opportunities exist to capture more water and use it more effectively that involve judicious management of prior crops and fallows (e.g. crop sequence, weed control, residue management). The dry-land wheat production system of southern Australia, augmented by simulation studies, is used to demonstrate the relative impacts and interactions of a range of pre-crop and in-crop management decisions on water productivity. A specific case study reveals how a novel genetic trait, long coleoptiles that enable deeper sowing, can interact with different management options to increase the water-limited yield of wheat from 1.6 t ha 21 to 4.5 t ha 21 , reflecting the experience of leading growers. Understanding such interactions will be necessary to capture benefits from new varieties within the farming systems of the future.

Increasing productivity by matching farming system management and genotype in water-limited environments

In various scientific fields properties are represented by functions varying over space. In this paper, we present a methodology to make spatial predictions at non-data locations when the data values are functions. In particular, we propose both an estimator of the spatial correlation and a functional kriging predictor. We adapt an optimization criterion used in multivariable spatial prediction in order to estimate the kriging parameters. The curves are pre-processed by a non-parametric fitting, where the smoothing parameters are chosen by cross-validation. The approach is illustrated by analyzing real data based on soil penetration resistances.

Ordinary kriging for function-valued spatial data

The sustainability of agroecosystems is closely related to successful soil conservation. Sustainable land use practices are crucial to reduce the impacts of agriculture on land degradation and maintain long-term soil productivity. In this context, is important to avoid practices that deteriorate the soil (e.g. soil erosion), and find the most suitable to maintain soil and crops productivity. The objective of this work is to compare the impact of different tillage systems on soil compaction, erosion and crop production on clay loam Stagnosols in Croatia. Three tillage treatments were studied: conventional tillage (CT), no-tillage (NT) and deep tillage (DT). Soil water content, bulk density and penetration resistance were determined in the 0–10, 10–20, 20–30 and 30–40 cm soil depths. Soil erosion was measured during rainfall events. The results showed that tillage treatments influenced the soil physical parameters, soil loss and crop yields. During first four years of study NT increased (p

Tillage management impacts on soil compaction, erosion and crop yield in Stagnosols (Croatia)

In southern New South Wales, Australia, farming operations using tractors often occur when the soils are moist and prone to soil compaction. However, the extent of soil compaction and its relative impact on crop yield have not been quantified in the region. In this experiment, re-compaction due to tractor wheel traffic in a sodic brown clay (Vertisol) was monitored under simulated controlled traffic conditions after removal of a pre-existing subsoil pan by deep tillage. Soil physical properties under wheel tracks were compared to those between wheel tracks in terms of bulk density, penetrometer resistance, water content, airfilled porosities and changes in ‘‘least limiting water range’’. Differences in the growth and yield of canola (Brassica napus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the two areas were also measured. Although deep ripping increased canola yield by 20% (from 2.0 to 2.4 t ha 1 ), reformation of a compaction pan under the wheel tracks was already detected in the first season of cropping. In the second cropping year, soil in the 0.05‐0.10 m layer under wheel tracks had significantly higher penetrometer resistance (>2000 kPa) and bulk density (1.5‐1.58 Mg m 3 ) and lower air-filled porosity (0.07‐0.09 m 3 m 3 ) compared to that measured between wheel tracks (<1000 kPa and 1.25‐1.29 Mg m 3 , and 0.187‐0.226 m 3 m 3 , respectively). The ‘least limiting water range’ was essentially reduced to zero under wheel tracks and hence was unfavourable to plant roots. By contrast, favourable conditions were maintained in the area between wheel tracks throughout the whole available water range. This finding was supported by a significant reduction in canola and wheat root growth in the layer under the wheel tracks. While there was no difference in wheat yield (5.3‐5.5 t ha 1 ), canola grain yield on the wheel track was only 34% of that between wheel tracks (1.1 t ha 1 versus 3.2 t ha 1 ). The canola results highlight the potential loss in grain yield due to compaction by tractor wheel traffic and indicate the likely benefits of adopting controlled traffic in farming systems for the sodic brown clay soils of this region. However, to fully realise the benefits of controlled traffic on these soil types it may first be necessary to remove the

Agronomic consequences of tractor wheel compaction on a clay soil

The change in the proportions of annual legume species in response to the presence of lucerne and the addition of gypsum.

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Agronomic consequences of tractor wheel compaction on a clay soil

The change in the proportions of annual legume species in response to the presence of lucerne and the addition of gypsum.