Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains one of the world's deadliest killers, with an annual death rate of ∼1.5 million. The medicinal effects of garlic have been well documented, and natural products have been shown to have antimycobacterial activity. The current study evaluated the efficacy of six Allium sativum L. polysulfide mixtures as antimycobacterial agents together with their cytotoxic, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective activities. The microtitre PrestoBlue assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Cytotoxicity was evaluated by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Excreted cytokine levels were determined by utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), by exposing isolated PBMCs to varying concentrations of polysulfide mixtures. Human C3A liver cells were utilized in the hepatoprotective study, to assess the protective effect against the toxicity induced by acetaminophen. Samples with higher amounts of diallyl trisulfide (Sample G4) showed the highest antimycobacterial activity, exhibiting an MIC of 2.5 μg/mL against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Five samples showed moderate toxicity in PBMC, with G1 showing no toxicity. The selective index of G4 was the highest, with a selectivity index close to one. Two samples, G3 and G6 containing higher amounts of diallyl tetrasulfide and lower amounts of diallyl trisulfide, showed >50% hepatoprotection. This is comparable to a hepatoprotective agent, Silymarin, which showed a hepatoprotective effect of 30% at the tested concentration. Diallyl tetrasulfide showed significant antimycobacterial activity. A combination of higher diallyl tetrasulfide and lower diallyl trisulfide was indicative of hepatoprotective activity.

/pdf/diallyl-polysulfides-from-allium-sativum-as-immunomodulators-43nf6osr8f.pdf

Diallyl polysulfides from Allium sativum as immunomodulators, hepatoprotectors, and antimycobacterial agents

While Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient disease, it still remains one of top 10 causes of death globally and also a leading cause of death from an infectious agent, exceeding even Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Worldwide, an estimated 1.7 billion people are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In 2018, an estimated 10.0 million people became ill with TB and almost 1.5 million of TB patients suffered death. Tuberculosis occurs in every part of the world but eight countries with the highest TB burden (India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh and South Africa) account for two thirds of the total new TB cases [1]. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment most of the patients infected with TB can be successfully cured. However, 3.4% of new TB cases and 18% of previously treated cases had Rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) or Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) which can be treated with significantly lower success rate. According to the latest WHO report the treatment success rate for MDR-TB is 56% globally. In recent years an increase of Extensively Drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB), defined as MDR-TB with additional resistance to at least one of the fluoroquinolones and one of the injectable agents used in MDR-TB treatment regA RT I C L E I N F O

Plant-based Food Products for Antimycobacterial Therapy

Background: Long duration of treatment, side-effects of currently used anti-tubercular drugs and emergence of drug-resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) warrants the need to develop new drugs to tackle the scourge of tuberculosis (TB). Garlic is an edible plant reported to have anti-tubercular activity. However, previous researches on anti-tubercular effect of garlic were focused mostly on preliminary in vitro screening. Objective: To identify constituents responsible for anti-tubercular activity of thiosulfinate-derivative rich extract of garlic (GE) and to evaluate activity of the most active constituent in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv (MTBH). Materials and Methods: In the present study, we have isolated eight compounds from GE by flash chromatography. The isolated compounds were characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Individual isolates and GE were screened for activity against MTBH by Resazurin Microtitre Plate Assay (REMA). Results: Anti-tubercular activity of GE was superior to that of isolates when evaluated by REMA, possibly due to synergism amongst the constituents of GE. Cytotoxicity of GE was evaluated in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells and it was observed that GE had a favorable selectivity index (>10). Therefore, anti-tubercular activity of GE was further evaluated by intracellular macrophage infection model. GE demonstrated concentration-dependent activity in macrophages infected with MTBH. Conclusion: This is the first report on intracellular anti-tubercular activity of any extract of garlic or its components. Appreciable intracellular anti-tubercular activity of GE in macrophages combined with low cytotoxicity makes it a suitable candidate for further development as an anti-tubercular agent. Abbreviations used: TB: Tuberculosis, MTB: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MTBH: Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, GE: Thiosulfinate-derivative rich extract of garlic, REMA: Resazurin Microtitre Plate Assay, VD: Vinyldithiin, CFU: Colony forming unit, 1H NMR: 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, FT-IR: Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, LC-MS: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, IC50: Concentration required to inhibit the cells by 50%, ANOVA: Analysis of variance.

Allium sativum Constituents Exhibit Anti-tubercular Activity In vitro and in RAW 264.7 Mouse Macrophage Cells Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv.

White feces syndrome (WFS) causes severe economic damages in Litopenaeus vannamei culture by the microsporidian parasite, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP), and it affects mainly hepatopancreas leading to digestive and absorptive problems, and finally the shrimp have poor growth and immune suppression. By improving the health status of hepatopancreas and digestive systems, the disease may be reduced or controlled by alternative approaches especially treating with herbal active principles. The herbal active characteristics like hepatoprotective activity, antioxidants, appetizers, and digestive and growth promoters highly reduce or control the EHP problems due to the broad diversity of active compounds in herbal products. In the present review, we discussed the use, formulation, and method of application of the herbal extracts like Citrus limon, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Borassus flabellifer, and Vigna mungo in Indian L. vannamei culture systems by the farmers against white feces syndrome.

Usage of plant natural products for prevention and control of white feces syndrome (WFS) in Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei farming in India

Tuberculosis is a familiar ailment in India and worldwide and is chief cause of mortality among all the infectious diseases. In present scenario therapy of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol are commonly recommended against TB. These drugs lead to many adverse reactions which are one of the major reasons for non adherence of patients to these drugs that may lead to development of MDR. With the current scenario of MDR cases rising, this problem of adverse drug reactions cannot be taken lightly. Due to lack of successful drugs for treatment of toxicity caused by anti-TB drugs we have to turn towards traditional medicine. Ayurveda is an ancient system of natural and holistic medicine. Ayurvedic herbs have still being used as a part of treatment regimen in many parts of world. Local people still use these herbs as they are full of curative properties. Because anti-tubercular drugs induced toxicity leads to oxidative enzymes imbalance also leads to necrosis in liver tissue and many other degenerative changes, herbal extracts were experimented upon to test their ability to ameliorate toxicity by activating protective pathways. In this review we have summarized few of such herbs whose extracts were tested for their curative properties against anti-tubercular drugs induced toxicity. The main constituents in extracts that were responsible for protective effects have also been summarized along with their mechanisms of action.

http://www.ijpsr.info/docs/IJPSR15-06-10-015.pdf

Review: Treatment of toxicity caused by anti-tubercular drugs by use of different herbs

/pdf/hepatoprotective-effect-of-garlic-homogenate-co-administered-2xyiftkgtg.pdf

Hepatoprotective Effect of Garlic Homogenate Co-Administered with Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs in RatLiver Enzymes

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Hepatoprotective Effect of Garlic Homogenate Co-Administered with Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs in RatLiver Enzymes