This review tries to summarize the purpose of steadily developing surface-functionalized nanoparticles for various bio-applications and represents a fascinating and rapidly growing field of research. Due to their unique properties—such as novel optical, biodegradable, low-toxicity, biocompatibility, size, and highly catalytic features—these materials are considered superior, and it is thus vital to study these systems in a realistic and meaningful way. However, rapid aggregation, oxidation, and other problems are encountered with functionalized nanoparticles, inhibiting their subsequent utilization. Adequate surface modification of nanoparticles with organic and inorganic compounds results in improved physicochemical properties which can overcome these barriers. This review investigates and discusses the iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, and silica-coated nanoparticles and how their unique properties after fabrication allow for their potential use in a wide range of bio-applications such as nano-based imaging, gene delivery, drug loading, and immunoassays. The different groups of nanoparticles and the advantages of surface functionalization and their applications are highlighted here. In recent years, surface-functionalized nanoparticles have become important materials for a broad range of bio-applications.

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Unique Properties of Surface-Functionalized Nanoparticles for Bio-Application: Functionalization Mechanisms and Importance in Application

Increased request for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles nanoparticles has led to their large-scale production using high-energy methods with various toxic solvents. This cause environmental contamination, thus eco-friendly “green” synthesis methods has become necessary. An alternative way to synthesize metal nanoparticles includes using bioresources, such as plants and plant products, bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, etc. “Green” synthesis has low toxicity, is safe for human health and environment compared to other methods, meaning it is the best approach for obtaining metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This review reveals 12 principles of “green” chemistry and examples of biological components suitable for “green” synthesis, as well as modern scientific research of eco-friendly synthesis methods of magnetic and metal nanoparticles. Particularly, using extracts of green tea, fruits, roots, leaves, etc., to obtain Fe3O4 NPs. The various precursors as egg white (albumen), leaf and fruit extracts, etc., can be used for the „green” synthesis of spinel magnetic NPs. “Green” nanoparticles are being widely used as antimicrobials, photocatalysts and adsorbents. “Green” magnetic nanoparticles demonstrate low toxicity and high biocompatibility, which allows for their biomedical application, especially for targeted drug delivery, contrast imaging and magnetic hyperthermia applications. The synthesis of silver, gold, platinum and palladium nanoparticles using extracts from fungi, red algae, fruits, etc., has been described.

Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Principles of Green Chemistry and Raw Materials

Nanoscale materials have recently gained wide attention due to their potential to revolutionize many technologies and industrial sectors, including information technology, homeland security, transportation, energy, food safety, environmental science, catalysis, photonics and medicine. Among various nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) are widely used for biomedical applications, including imaging, implants, photothermal therapy and drug delivery. Indeed, PtNPs possesses intrinsic antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Also, due to their remarkable catalytic activity, they are able to reduce the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and impair the downstream pathways leading to inflammation. Various approaches, including both physical and chemical methods, are currently employed for synthesis of PtNPs. However, the use of hazardous reaction conditions and toxic chemicals in these processes poses a potential threat to the environment and severely compromise the biocompatibility of the nanoparticles. Hereby, increasing need for exploitation of novel routes for synthesis of PtNPs has led to development of biological fabrication using microbes, specifically bacteria. Herein, we present a most comprehensive report on biogenesis of PtNPs by several bacteria like Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Desulfovibrio alaskensis, Escherichia coli, Shewanella algae, Plectonema boryanum, etc. An overview of the underlying mechanisms of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods of synthesis is included. Moreover, this review highlights the scope of developing optimized process to control the physicochemical properties, such as the nanoparticle surface chemistry, charge, size and shape, which, in turn, may affect their nanotoxicity and response at the biointerface for nanomedicine applications.

/pdf/bacteriogenic-platinum-nanoparticles-for-application-in-56ny0az2ke.pdf

Bacteriogenic Platinum Nanoparticles for Application in Nanomedicine.

Green synthesis of platinum nanoparticles using Atriplex halimus leaves for potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, and catalytic applications

Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used in several fields including catalysis, bioengineering, photoelectricity, antibacterial, anticancer, and medical imaging due to their unique physical and chemical properties. In the traditional synthesis method of MNPs, toxic chemicals are generally used as reducing agents and stabilizing agents, which is fussy to operate and extremely environment unfriendly. Based on this, the development of an environment-friendly synthesis method of MNPs has recently attracted great attention. The use of plant extracts as reductants and stabilizers to synthesize MNPs has the advantages of low cost, environmental friendliness, sustainability, and ease of operation. Besides, the as-synthesized MNPs are nontoxic, more stable, and more uniform in size than the counterparts prepared by the traditional method. Thus, green preparation methods have become a research hotspot in the field of MNPs synthesis. In this review, recent advances in green synthesis of MNPs using plant extracts as reductants and stabilizers have been systematically summarized. In addition, the insights into the potential applications and future development for MNPs prepared by using plant extracts have been provided.

/pdf/plant-extract-mediated-synthesis-of-metal-nanoparticles-3grf8wo7yr.pdf

Plant-Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

Nanotechnology gained much attention and nanomaterials have diverse applications in every field of life and researchers are consistently working on the methodology for the fabrication of NPs Different chemical, biological and physical methods are in practice for the fabrication of NPs and under the current scenario of pollution, the application of eco-benign methods is of paramount importance Biogenic synthesis versus other methods proved to be highly efficient for the fabrication of NPs at the nano-scale It is also an eco-friendly, cost-effective and one-pot synthesis procedure The use of less energy, less reaction time and ambient conditions are other advantages of the green synthesis The NPs have been successfully prepared biogenically and employed in different fields, ie, medicine, biosensors, electrochemistry, biomedicine, water treatment, electronics, photo-electronics and catalysis Among, noble metal based NPs, Pt has diverse applications and the biogenic synthesis, characterization and applications of Pt NPs have been discussed in this study The biogenic synthetic route includes plant extract (leaves, roots, flower, peels, stem, bark) and biological derivatives The plant extracts contain flavonoids, polyphenolics, cannabinoids, terpenes, glycosides, sugars, amine, carbonyl, proteins, aldehyde, amide and alcohols, which reduce, cap and stabilize the metal ions in the solution The reaction conditions effect on biogenic fabrication of Pt is discussed; the structure and sizes were also compared The applications of the biogenic Pt NPs in different fields along with future prospects are discussed

Biogenic and eco-benign synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) using plants aqueous extracts and biological derivatives: environmental, biological and catalytic applications

Nanoparticles synthesis route is one important aspect for practical application and easy, eco-friendly, non-toxic and low-cost methods are preferred in this regard. In this study, we described the fabrication of silver nanoparticles utilizing Allium cepa (Onion) extract, which were characterized by SEM, EDX, and XRD technique. The biosynthesized Ag NPs was face-centered, spherical in shape, and particle size was in nanometer range of 30-100 nm (with average size of 84.8 nm), which were in aggregated form. The EDX analysis revealed the formation of highly pure form of the silver nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity was assessed against E. coli and S. aureus microbes and results revealed that the silver nanoparticles are highly active against the selected microbes and silver nanoparticles have potential for application in biomedical field. Capsule Summary: Silver nanoparticles were prepared by green route using Allium cepa extract. The Ag NPs are in pure form and highly active against E. coli and S. aureus microbes. M. S. Ali, Nazir and Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Allium cepa extract and their antimicrobial activity evaluation. Chemistry International 8(3) 89-94.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Allium cepa extract and their antimicrobial activity evaluation

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Biogenic and eco-benign synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) using plants aqueous extracts and biological derivatives: environmental, biological and catalytic applications

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Allium cepa extract and their antimicrobial activity evaluation