Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technologies are expected to play a key role in realizing the next generation scalable and flexible passive optical networks (PONs). One candidate is WDM-PON, in which each optical network unit (ONU) uses a different wavelength, i.e., a unique wavelength, in each direction to communicate with the optical line terminal. Another candidate is WDM/time-division multiplexing (TDM)-PON; it combines WDM with TDM technology. This paper reviews recent state-of-the-art research on the enabling technologies needed to realize future WDM-PON and WDM/TDM-PON systems, and discusses future directions toward practical PON systems.

Enabling Technologies for Future Scalable and Flexible WDM-PON and WDM/TDM-PON Systems

We investigate the effects of the discrete reflection on the performances of upstream and downstream signals in the wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM PON) implemented in a single-fiber loopback configuration using the reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs). We first analyze the optical beat interference (OBI) noise caused by the discrete reflection, and clarify the relation between the reflection tolerance and the network's operating conditions such as the RSOA gain, the link loss, and the location of the reflection point, etc. The results show that the impact of the reflection can be expressed by using the effective crosstalk level. We then measured the reflection tolerance of the RSOA-based WDM PON, in which the downstream signal operating at 1.25 Gb/s is remodulated by the RSOA at the subscriber's site for the transmission of 155-Mb/s upstream signal. The reflection tolerances are measured to be in the range of -42 to - 35ndB for the downstream signals and -29 to -19ndB for the upstream signals, depending on the RSOA gain. These small reflection tolerances are caused by the fact that the reflected light is re-amplified by the RSOA. We also show that the dependence of the reflection tolerance on the RSOA gain can be explained by using the effective crosstalk level. These results are used to evaluate the impacts of the unwanted discrete reflections on the RSOA-based WDM PON.

Effects of Reflection in RSOA-Based WDM PON Utilizing Remodulation Technique

We review some issues critical for the design of the wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM PON) implemented by using reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs), including the uncooled operation of RSOAs, the remodulation noise, the reflectionn of SOAs,and the limited modulation bandwidth of RSOAs. In addition, we report our recent research activities to overcome these problems.

Design Issues in RSOA-based WDM PON

We have experimentally investigated the reflection tolerance of upstream signals by comparing Manchester-encoded downstream signals with NRZ ones in a RSOA-based fiber loop back system for a WDM PON The results showed that the reflection tolerance of the upstream signals strongly dependeds on the downstream signal modulation formats, and that the Manchester format was more tolerant than the NRZ one against the reflection of the upstream signal

Enhanced reflection tolerance of upstream signal in a RSOA-based WDM PON by using Manchester coding

We report on the recent progresses in the wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM PON) based on the reflective semiconductor amplifiers (RSOAs), including the enhanced operable temperature range, effects of reflection and its mitigation methods, 10 Gb/s operation by using electronic equalizers and forward error-correction (FEC) codes, and increased maximum reach to ≫100 km by using a novel self-homodyne receiver.

Recent progresses in RSOA-based WDM PON

We investigate the effects of back-reflection in RSOA-based WDM PON utilizing the remodulation technique. The downstream signal is likely to have severe reflection tolerance (-42 ~ -35 dB), which highly depends on the RSOA gain.

Reflection tolerance of RSOA-based WDM PON

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Enhanced reflection tolerance of upstream signal in a RSOA-based WDM PON by using Manchester coding

Reflection tolerance of RSOA-based WDM PON