Cellulosimicrobium funkei-like enhances the growth of Phaseolus vulgaris by modulating oxidative damage under Chromium(VI) toxicity.

Gastric diseases of dogs are usually gastric mucosal inflammation, ulceration, obstruction or neoplasia. Gastritis is the inflammation of gastric mucosa and normally visualized by vomiting. Categorization and gradation of canine gastritis are based on the nature of the predominant cellular infiltrate and the presence of architectural abnormalities (Day et al., 2008). Acute gastritis is clinically characterized by the sudden onset of vomiting (Ettinger and Feldman, 2005) whereas chronic gastritis is clinically defined as intermittent vomiting with duration of more than 1-2 weeks (Day et al., 2008). It occasionally coupled with the loss of body weight, inappetence, and spells of abdominal pain. In most patients the cause is secondary from the history, such as dietary indiscretion; the diagnosis is rarely confirmed by biopsy, and treatment is symptomatic and supportive. If the hyperplastic polyp (Gencosmanoglu et al., 2003) or foreign body (Papazoglou et al., 2003) obstructs the pyloric region of stomach results onset of acute clinical signs, however if foreign object stays on the body of the stomach may lead to mucosal injury and acute gastritis (Amorim et al., 2016). Fungal infections and spirochetes also lead to gastritis (Helman et al., 1999). Chronic gastritis is defined as the presence of International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Diseases in Dogs: A Review

Prospective of chromium (VI) reduction under in vitro and in vivo conditions and stimulation of antioxidant defense of cowpea under the exposure of Cr (VI)

The present study was undertaken to assess “Bioavailability of certain trace minerals from feeds and forages in crossbred male calves”. Forages such as maize (Zea mays), jowar (Sorghum bicolor), bajra (Pennisetum typhoides), oats (Avena sativa), and berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) and concentrate feeds, Groundnut cake (Arachis hypogaea), Mustard cake (Brassica juncea), Soybean meal (Glycine max), Maize grain (Zea mays) were analyzed in order to determine their chemical composition, mineral composition and trace minerals associated with fibre fractions (NDF and ADF). Results revealed that Fe and Zn were more strongly bound to cell wall fractions as compared to Co, Mn, and Cu and thus are likely to be less available to ruminants. Three staged in vitro study was conducted to assess the extent of release of Fe, Co, Mn, Cu and Zn. Results revealed that among forages maximum release of Fe was from berseem fodder (33.32±0.27%) and in case of cakes, release of Fe was found significantly higher from soybean meal (40.80±0.11%). Values for Co release from different fodders at third stage were highest in berseem fodder (27.47± 0.42) and among cakes, values were significantly (P<0.05) higher from soybean meal (36.65±0.21%). Same pattern, was found for the release of Mn, as evident from the data that release of Mn was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Berseem fodder (29.72±0.47%) and in cakes soybean meal had highest value i.e. 35.28±0.22%. Cu and Zn had higher values, though followed the same pattern highest from berseem (77.41±0.00, 44.42±0.56) and soybean meal (87.20±0.74, 62.28±0.79), respectively. The results of in vitro studies were further validated by the in vivo experiments by feeding three different fodders and three cakes, each at two different levels and wheat straw being constant. Three experiments were conducted at NDRI cattle yard and for each experiment 20 Karan Fries male calves of 10-24 months of age were selected and divided into four equal groups (n=5 animals). Two groups were fed only fodders and the other two groups were also fed cakes. In experiment, which was conducted to assess the bioavailability of trace minerals from fodders, wheat straw was fed as basal feed and its amount was kept constant for each fodder. Green fodders were fed at two different levels. In groups selected to assess the bioavailability of trace minerals from cakes, wheat straw and fodders were fed as basal feed and amount was kept constant for each cake, however two levels of cakes were fed. The duration of experiment was of 28 days having and the preliminary period of 21 days for adaptation followed by 7 days collection. For the sake of comparison results obtained from fodders were clubbed for statistical analysis and interpretation, similarly data for groups fed cakes were analysed separately. Results revealed that average apparent absorption (%) of Fe was 4.36 to 12.67 with overall retention percentage from 3.35 to 10.44. Apparent absorption coefficient for Co was significantly higher in berseem fed groups 5.00 to 7.18. Similar pattern was observed for % retention of Co in the groups fed other two type of fodders, having overall percentage retention was 0.68-6.62%. Average apparent absorption coefficient for Mn was 4.22-11.42 and retention % was 3.82 to 10.83 in all the three fodder based diet, however values were higher in berseem fed groups. Apparent absorption coefficient for Cu varied between 2.92 to 15.12. and retention (%) from 1.81 to 11.19. Values for apparent absorption coefficient (%) and retention% for Zn were highest 14.48 to 31.30 and 13.82 to 27.09 respectively in all the fodders groups. The observed values was significantly higher in berseem fodder groups, indicating higher bioavailability. From oilseed cakes based groups, apparent absorption (%) of Fe was 4.93 to 15.88 and retention (%) was 3.70 to 14.76 among all the three groups which is comparable to fodders Apparent absorption (%) of Co was 3.22 to 10.74 and retention (%) was 2.69 to 7.7 slightly higher than values observed for fodders. Apparent absorption (%) of Mn was 4.71 to 11.99 and retention% was 3.87 to 11.18. Apparent absorption (%) of Cu varied from 9.11 to 18.73 while retention (%) was observed to be 6.89 to 14.33. Apparent absorption (%) of Zn were 18.13 to 37.06 and retention% was 16.16 to 35.95 these were highest among the trace element studied. All the observed values were significantly higher in soybean meal groups, indicating higher bioavailability. Perusal of data indicated that estimates of in vitro bioavailability were higher as compared to in vivo apparent absorption or retention figures. However, the trend observed was similar for all the five minerals. It can be inferred that in vitro experiments can be used as only indicative/ qualitative measure for bioavailability estimates but animal feeding studies are needed for quantitative estimates. संकर नस्ल बछड़ों में हरे चारे और खल स ेकुछ सूक्ष्म खननज तत्वों की जैव उऩलब्धता सारांश वर्त मान ऩरीऺण रुमनधारी ऩशओुॊ के आहारीय अवयवों अर्ातर् हरे चारे र्र्ा खऱ में ऩाये जाने वाऱे सकू्ष्म खननज र्त्वों की जैव उऩऱब्धर्ा का मलूयाॊकन करने हेर् ु ककया गया। सवत प्रर्म चयननर् ऩदार्ों की रासायननक सॊ रचना र्र्ा खननज र्त्वों की मात्रा जाॊची गई। र्त्ऩश्चार् उनके रेश ेके सार् अनबुॊ धधर् सकू्ष्म खननज र्त्वों की मात्रा का ववश्ऱेषण ककया गया। प्राप्र् ऩररणाम दशातर् ेहैं कक इसमें कोबालट और मैं गनीज की र्ऱुना में कॉऩर, आयरन और जजॊक अधधक दृढ़र्ा से बाध्य होर्े हैं। अर्ः ये जुगाऱी करने वाऱे ऩशओुॊ में कम मात्रा में ववऱय होर् ेहैं , जजसस ेकम उऩऱब्ध होने की सॊ भावना हो सकर्ी है। र्ीन चरणों में अन्र्ः ऩात्र घऱुनशीऱर्ा और अऩहोनर्ा र्कनीक से आयरन, कोबालट, मैं गनीज, कॉऩर और जजॊक की जैव उऩऱब्धर्ा ककया गया। आयरन की जैव उऩऱब्धर्ा (अन्र्ः ऩात्र घऱुनशीऱर्ा र्कनीक द्वारा) बरसीम चारे में अधधकर्म (33.32±0.27%) एवॊ ववभभन्न खऱों में सोयाबीन खऱ में अधधक (40.80±0.11%) मात्रा में ऩाई गई। कोबालट की जैव उऩऱब्धर्ा का स्र्र भी इन ववट्रो के र्ीसरे चरण में बरसीम में (27.47±0.42%) और सोया बीन मीऱ में (36.65±0.21%) र्ा, जो उस शे्रणी में सबसे अधधक र्ा। इसी प्रकार मैं गनीज की जैव उऩऱब्धर्ा भी बरसीम में 29.72±0.47% और सोया बीन मीऱ में 35.28±0.22% र्ा र्र्ा अन्य चारे और खऱ में वह अऩेऺाकृर् कम र्ा। कॉऩर और जजॊक की जैव उऩऱब्धर्ा अन्य ववरऱ र्त्वों की अऩेऺा अधधक र्ी। हरे चारे में कॉऩर की जैव उऩऱब्धर्ा 69.6-77.4% र्र्ा ववभभन्न खऱों में यह मात्रा 70.8-87.2% र्क ऩाई गई जो सभी ववरऱ र्त्वों में सबसे ज्यादा र्ी। इसी श्रॊखऱा में इन ऩदार्ों में ऩाये जाने वाऱ ेजजॊक की जैववक उऩऱब्धर्ा दसूरे स्र्ान ऩर र्ी अर्ातर् हरे चारे में यह 37.96 से 44.42% र्र्ा खऱों में यह 50.9 से 62.3% जाॊची गई। इन ववट्रो ऩरीऺण के ऩररणाम की ऩजुटट हेरु् ऩनुः र्ीन चारे एवॊ र्ीन खऱों को ऩशओुॊ ऩर प्रयोग ककया गया। इसके भऱए र्ीन ऩरीऺण ककये गए जजसमें 10-24 महीने के 20 सॊ कर नस्ऱ के करनफ्राइज बछड़ों को एन.डी.आर.आई. ऩशशुाऱा से चयन कर और चार समहू में (एन= 5 ऩश)ु ववर्ररर् ककया गया। दो समहूों को केवऱ चारा व ्दो समहूों को चारे के सार् खऱ भी खखऱाई गई। इसके भऱए एन.आर.सी. (1989) मानकों को आधार भऱया गया। हरा चारा र्र्ा खऱ दो-दो ववभभन्न स्र्रों ऩर खखऱाये गए। ऩशओुॊ को 21 ददन (अनकूुऱन अवधध ) के भऱए खखऱाया और ऩरीऺण के अॊ र् में 7 ददनों के भऱए चयाऩचय ऩरीऺण सकू्ष्म खननज र्त्वों की जैववक उऩऱब्धर्ा के आकऱन के भऱए ककया गया। प्राप्र् ऩररणामों द्वारा ऻार् हुआ कक हरे चारों से कुऱ आयरन का केवऱ 4.36-12.67% ही अवशोवषर् हुआ जबकक अवधारणा केवऱ 3.35-10.4% ही र्ी। ववभभन्न खऱों से आयरन की जैववक उऩऱब्धर्ा (%अवधारणा) हरे चारों की अऩेऺाकृर् र्ोड़ा अधधक (4.9-15.9%) र्ी। हरे चारों से कोबालट की जैववक उऩऱब्धर्ा 1.15-7.18%, र्र्ा अवधारणा केवऱ 0.68-6.6% र्क ही देखी गई, जबकक खऱ यकु्र् आहार द्वारा यह मात्रा कुछ अधधक अर्ातर् 2.7 से 7.7% र्क ही र्ी। मैं गनीज की जैववक उऩऱब्धर्ा अधधकर्म 11% र्ी और चारे र्र्ा खऱ द्वारा उऩऱब्धर्ा में कोई ववशषे अॊ र्र नहीॊ र्ा। चारे में उऩऱब्ध कॉऩर का प्रनर्शर् अवशोषण दर 2.9 से 15.12 र्र्ा अवधारणा 11% र्क र्ी, ऩरन्र् ुखऱ में उऩऱब्ध कुऱ कॉऩर का अधधकर्म 18.7% र्र्ा अवधारणा 14.4% र्क र्ी। इस ऩरीऺण के ऩररणाम से ऻार् हुआ कक चारे अर्वा खऱ में ऩाया जाने वाऱा जजॊक अन्य ववरऱ र्त्वों की अऩेऺा अधधक मात्रा में उऩऱब्ध र्ा, ववभभन्न चारों से यह 14.4 से 31.3% र्क अवशोषण र्र्ा 13.82 से 27.0% र्क अवधारणा देखी गई और खऱ यकु्र् आहार में यह मात्रा अऩेऺाकृर् अधधक (18.1 से 37.7% अवशोषण र्र्ा 16.2 से 35.9% अवधारणा) र्ी। इन ववट्रो अध्ययन से प्राप्र् जैव उऩऱब्धर्ा ऩशओुॊ ऩर ककय ेगए ऩरीऺण की र्ऱुना में अधधक ऩरन्र् ु ऩाॉचों खननज र्त्वों के भऱए समरूऩ देखी गई। अध्ययन से यह ननटकषत ननकाऱा जा सकर्ा है कक ववभभन्न आहारीय स्त्रोर्ों से खननजों के जैव उऩऱब्धर्ा की गणुात्मक नाऩ के भऱए इन ववट्रो ववधध का प्रयोग ककया जा सकर्ा है, ऩरन्र् ुमात्रात्मक नाऩ के भऱए ऩश ु ऩरीऺण आवश्यक है।

Bioavailability of Certain Trace Minerals from Feeds and Forages in Crossbred Male Calves.

The study was carried out in Meta Robi district, West Shewa Zone, Oromia Regional State to identify the types and sources of feeds, constraints in feed production, transportation, utilization and supply, estimate annual feed produced, maintenance requirement, annual feed balance and determine the mineral status of natural pasture and soil samples. Secondary data sources and field observations, key informants discussions and semi-structured questionnaire interview were employed to generate data. The district was stratified into upper, mid and lower altitudes and a total of 90 respondents (upper=30, mid=30 and lower=30) were randomly selected and interviewed individually. Samples of feed and soil were collected from three altitudes during the dry and wet seasons and their mineral concentrations were determined. The results of the study indicated that the major feed resources were grazing of natural pasture (58.9%), wheat straw (42.4%), barley straw (30%) and hay (21.1%). During the dry season, 90% of the respondents feed their animal crop residues, hay (58.8%) and stubble grazing (56.1%). Natural pasture was the major feed source during the wet season. Most respondents (46.7%) had their own natural pasture lands, 86.7% produced crop residues from their crop land whereas only 25.6% were producing improved forages. The major constraints related to livestock feed were shortage of grazing land, absence of feed processors and retailers, shortage of technologies in feed production and lack of awareness of the respondents. The total maintenance DM of feed requirement of the animals per year in the district was 388,859.8 tons while the actual DM of feed production was 212,047.15 tons. The total DM of feed produced per year fulfilled the maintenance requirement of the animals only for 6.54 months of the year. Concentrations of most minerals in the soil were above the critical level of plant growth and most macro minerals in the feed were below the requirement of dairy animals while micro minerals were above the requirement of dairy animals except Mn. Alternative feed production technologies such as development of improved forages, efficient feed utilization technologies (eg. provision of chopper) and natural pasture land improvement measures should be taken. To compensate the mineral deficiency of natural pasture, improved forages with better yield and mineral contents should be provided for livestock. Provision of common salt and/or locally available natural soil as mineral source should be encouraged.

Assessment of feed resources and determination of mineral status of livestock feed in Meta Robi District,West Shewa zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Samples of soil, forage and blood serum of cattle in six villages Ganderbal district of kashmir were collected and analysed for different macro and micro mineral contents to establish the mineral correlation among soil, forage and animals. The macro and micro mineral contents in soils of Ganderbal district were higher than their respective critical levels except Mn. Similarly, in forage except for zinc all the mineral values were above critical level. The study also revealed the serum mineral values above the critical levels. The soil and forage (r=0.558) and forage and serum (r=0.463) showed significant positive correlations while, non-significant (P<0.05) positive correlation (r=0.08) between soil and serum for Cu was observed. The correlation for Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron and manganese observed between soil-forage, Forage-serum as well as soil-serum was non-sgnificant. Based on present study, supplementation of calcium, phosphorous, copper and zinc in the diet of cattle under existing feeding practices in Ganderbal district of Kashmir is imperative for better health and productivity. However, further, studies should elucidate the bioavailability and strategic dietary supplementation of minerals for livestock

/pdf/mineral-inter-relationship-among-soil-forage-and-dairy-10q139bu1k.pdf

Mineral Inter-relationship among Soil, forage and Dairy cattle in Kashmir, India

Abstract SCARB1 belongs to class B of Scavenger receptors (SRs) that are known to be involved in binding and endocytosis of various pathogens. SRs have emerging role in regulating innate immunity and host–pathogen interactions by acting in co-ordination with Toll-like receptors.Query Little is known about the function of SCARB1 in milk-derived mammary epithelial cells (MECs). This study reports the role of SCARB1 in infection and its potential association in TLR4 signaling on bacterial challenge in Goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs). The novelty in the establishment of MEC culture lies in the method that aims to enhance the viability of the cells with intact characteristics upto a higher passage number. We represent MEC culture to be used as a potential infection model for deeper understanding of animal physiology especially around the mammary gland. On E.coli challenge the expression of SCARB1 was significant in induced GMECs at 6 h. Endoribonuclease-esiRNA based silencing of SCARB1 affects the expression of TLR4 and its pathways i.e. MyD88 and TRIF pathways on infection. Knockdown also affected the endocytosis of E.coli in GMECs demonstrating that E.coli uses SCARB1 function to gain entry in cells. Furthermore, we predict 3 unique protein structures of uncharacterized SCARB1 ( Capra hircus) protein. Overall, we highlight SCARB1 as a main participant in host defence and its function in antibacterial advances to check mammary gland infections. 

/pdf/scavenger-receptor-b1-facilitates-the-endocytosis-of-qxskaoup.pdf

Scavenger receptor B1 facilitates the endocytosis of Escherichia coli via TLR4 signaling in mammary gland infection

Feline infectious peritonitis or simply FIP is viral disease caused by coronavirus in cats of less than three years of age. It is manifested as extreme inflammatory reaction in tissues surrounding abdomen, kidneys and brain. This review article discusses various diagnostic tests and their merits in the diagnosis of FIP suspected cases with the purpose of definitive diagnosis. This review can help to compare different diagnostic parameters and also raise awareness about their advantages and disadvantages. 

A review on the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis

Antimycoplasma drugs paved the way for the treatment of mycoplasma infections even before the vaccines were developed. Macrolides, tetracyclines, or aminoglycosides were being used for long, incorporating quinolones in the newer regimes. Former drug classes target protein synthesis, whereas the latter one targets DNA synthesis. These drugs proved quite effective and helped minimize severity and loss to farmers. However, prolonged use of antibiotics may have serious concerns of drug resistance, side effects, and drug residues in food animal products. In addition, despite treating mycoplasma infection, some drugs create a carrier state of infection that can spread the infection without being recognized. Hence, novel alternate therapeutics need to be explored to overcome these limitations whilst checking the antibiotic resistance with regular antibiotic sensitivity tests, which need to be standardized for different mycoplasma. Future therapeutics are needed under the prevailing situations of emerging and transboundary spread of mycoplasma infections. 

A mini-review on antimycoplasma antibiotics

A study was undertaken on the mineral status of soil, forage and serum of cattle in hilly and plain areas of Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir. The average content of Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), Cupper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) in the soil of hilly area was 128.55 ± 1.66, 9.71 ± 0.33, 17.23 ± 1.49, 1.07 ± 0.14, 1.61 ± 0.25, 14.83 ± 2.11 and 3.32 ± 0.54 ppm, respectively, where as in plain area the content of these minerals in the soil was 133.94 ± 0.65, 10.14 ± 0.40, 21.64 ± 3.71, 2.07 ± 0.19, 1.99 ± 0.30, 20.72 ± 2.25 and 5.5 ± 0.58 ppm, respectively. Concentration of Ca, Cu, Mn and P were significantly higher in the soil of plains than hilly areas. Soil Fe in hills as well as plains was found below critical level. The average content of Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn in the forageof hilly area was 0.51 ± 0.04 (%), 0.19 ± 0.01 (%), 0.37 ± 0.04 (%), 5.87 ± 1.11 ppm, 21.58 ± 3.22 ppm, 338.03 ± 36.09 ppm and 74.01 ± 15.10 ppm, respectively. In the plain area the average content of forage Ca (%), Mg (%), P (%), Cu (ppm), Zn (ppm), Fe (ppm) and Mn (ppm) was found to be 0.51 ± 0.02, 0.17 ± 0.01, 0.33 ± 0.04, 28.48 ± 2.09, 37.90 ± 1.91, 514.75 ± 49.21 and 81.87 ± 13.80, respectively. Ca, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg and Fe were found deficit in the forage of hilly aes as compared to plains. In cattle of hilly area the average Ca (mmol/l), Mg (mmol/l), P (mmol/l), Cu (μmol/l), Zn (μmol/l), Fe (μmol/l) and Mn (μmol/l) in the serum were 2.12 ± 0.90, 1.3 ± 0.01, 1.7 ± 0.13, 8.11 ± 0.88, 18.49 ± 1.58, 44.44 ± 3.18 and 3.45 ± 0.11 respectively, while in the cattle of plains serum values of these minerals were 2.31 ± 0.08, 1.21 ± 0.03, 1.9 ± 0.10, 15.47 ± 2.16, 21.34 ± 2.18, 39.18 ± 2.68, and 3.51 ± 0.10 respectively. Concentration of Mg was higher where as concentration of Cu was found lower in serum of cattle of hills as compared to that of plains. Zn was found deficit in the serum of cattle of both plains as well as hilly areas.

Comparative Assessment of Macro and Micro Mineral Content in Soil, Fodder and Serum of Dairy Cattle in Hills and Plains of Kashmir

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