Contrast sensitivity throughout adulthood

Previous studies of spatial contrast sensitivity in adulthood have produced conflicting results. To clarify the situation, we measured contrast sensitivity functions on a large sample of adults (n = 91), ranging in age from 19 to 87. All observers were free from significant ocular pathology and were individually refracted for the test distance. Sensitivity for stationary gratings of low spatial frequency remained the same throughout adulthood. At higher spatial frequencies, sensitivity decreased with age beginning around 40 to 50 years. When a low spatial frequency grating was drifted, young adults' sensitivity improved by a factor of 4-5 over sensitivity to a static grating; this motion enhancement was markedly diminished in adults over 60 years, implying an impairment of temporal processing in the elderly. Reduced retinal illuminance characteristic of the aged eye could account for a large part of older adults' deficit in spatial vision, but appeared to play little role in their deficit in temporal vision.

Low-contrast letter charts as a test of visual function.

on his own subject; in this book the reader will not be disappointed. Moreover, the translation from the original French, with the inclusion of some new material, suffers from few of the defects so frequently seen, for it reads fluently and spontaneously as if it were the original text. The first chapter deals with the nature of light and its relation to other forms of radiant energy: a succinct and interesting review, followed by a full description of different types of illuminants including the various types of artificial lighting and natural lighting from the sun. This is followed by a description of the physiology of vision and the functioning of the eye shown by experiments carried out on the human eye by physical methods. This part comprises a full discussion of such problems as photometry, the illumination of the retina, luminance efficiency and the duality of the retina, colorimetry and the trivariance of the retina, colour vision and its anomalies, and the various thresholds, time effects, and the spatial interactions affecting vision. The second section of the book is more physiological and speculative. It is introduced by a description of the relevant anatomy of the eye, the photochemistry and electrophysiology of vision, the various theories of colour vision, and a physiological interpretation of the visual thresholds. The book is easy and good to read and gives a fair and critical exposition of its subject. It should be useful not only to the ophthalmologist but also to the physiologist and physicist.

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/53/1/66.1.full.pdf

Light, Colour and Vision

Monocular and binocular contrast sensitivity function for a range of spatial frequencies was measured in two groups of subjects with normal vision. Statistically significant differences in performance between the younger group (age 20-30 years) and the older group (age 50-87 years) were found at all spatial frequencies sampled between 0.40 and 19 X 25 cpd. In the age range 50-87 years there was a linear decline in contrast sensitivity with age for medium and high spatial frequencies, but sensitivity for low spatial frequencies was independent of age.

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/69/1/51.full.pdf

Effect of age on contrast sensitivity function: uniocular and binocular findings.

The Arden grating test was administered to 64 subjects between 6 and 82 years of age without ocular pathology, to 20 glaucoma patients, and to 21 ocular hypertensives. The results show an age effect, with significantly higher scores (lower sensitivity) in normal subjects over 50 years of age. In addition, there was no significant difference in performance between age-matched normals, glaucoma patients, and ocular hypertensives on the Arden gratings. The results show a high percentage of false-positives in older normal subjects. The Arden gratings should be used cautiously when one is testing patients over 50 years of age.

Utility of the Arden grating test in glaucoma screening: high false-positive rate in normals over 50 years of age.

The latency of the first major positive component (P1) of the pattern reversal visually evoked potential (VEP) and constrast sensitivity, using the Arden grating plates, were measured in 3 groups of age matched subjects. One group consisted of 14 normal subjects (mean age 66 yrs.) with no ocular disease; a second group contained 21 patients (mean age 58 yrs.) with ocular hypertension; and a thrid group contained 20 patients (mean age 66 yrs.) with glaucoma. Analysis of the Arden grating scores revealed no significant differences between the 3 groups. These findings indicate that the Arden gratings have limited usefulness in the detection of glaucoma, at least in older patient populations. On the other hand, the VEP data showed that the mean P1 latency for the glaucomatous eyes was significantly longer than the P1 latency for the normals and ocular hypertensives. Further, there was no significant difference in mean P1 latency between the normals and ocular hypertensives.

Pattern Evoked Potential Latency and Contrast Sensitivity in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension

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Utility of the Arden grating test in glaucoma screening: high false-positive rate in normals over 50 years of age.

Pattern Evoked Potential Latency and Contrast Sensitivity in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension