. Decades of policy in developed regions has successfully reduced total anthropogenic emissions of gas-phase organic compounds, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with an intentional, sustained focus on motor vehicles and other combustion-related sources. We examine potential secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and ozone formation in our case study megacity (Los Angeles) and demonstrate that non-combustion-related sources now contribute a major fraction of SOA and ozone precursors. Thus, they warrant greater attention beyond indoor environments to resolve large uncertainties in their emissions, oxidation chemistry, and outdoor air quality impacts in cities worldwide. We constrain the magnitude and chemical composition of emissions via several bottom-up approaches using chemical analyses of products, emissions inventory assessments, theoretical calculations of emission timescales, and a survey of consumer product material safety datasheets. We demonstrate that the chemical composition of emissions from consumer products as well as commercial and industrial products, processes, and materials is diverse across and within source subcategories. This leads to wide ranges of SOA and ozone formation potentials that rival other prominent sources, such as motor vehicles. With emission timescales from minutes to years, emission rates and source profiles need to be included, updated, and/or validated in emissions inventories with expected regional and national variability. In particular, intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (IVOCs and SVOCs) are key precursors to SOA, but are excluded or poorly represented in emissions inventories and exempt from emissions targets. We present an expanded framework for classifying VOC, IVOC, and SVOC emissions from this diverse array of sources that emphasizes a life cycle approach over longer timescales and three emission pathways that extend beyond the short-term evaporation of VOCs: (1) solvent evaporation, (2) solute off-gassing, and (3) volatilization of degradation by-products. Furthermore, we find that ambient SOA formed from these non-combustion-related emissions could be misattributed to fossil fuel combustion due to the isotopic signature of their petroleum-based feedstocks.

/pdf/considering-the-future-of-anthropogenic-gas-phase-organic-4sdj14tsjq.pdf

Considering the future of anthropogenic gas-phase organic compound emissions and the increasing influence of non-combustion sources on urban air quality

Wood fuels are recognized as a crucial energy source whose sustainable use should be ensured. To ensure sustainability, the calculation of the annual available biomass is one of the bases of forest management. The novelty of our study stem from an extended evaluation of the carrying capacity for taking into account different site-specific – as well condition-specific – aspects usually neglected. In the case of natural mixed forests, local management plans define the criteria to be adopted in the land management identify the main functions of the forest plots. However, for ensure sustainable forest management, ecological and technical local constraints should be assessed in details in order to quantify wood potentially available. As a standardized procedure for this comprehensive wood availability is missing, the present study propose a GIS-based decision support system (DSS) and methodology for calculating the biomass availability while supporting the local resource planning. In particular, we focus on the environmental sustainability of bio-energy production. In fact, applying the DSS, it is possible to calculate three indicators: operational carrying capacity (OCC), chip potential (CP) and technical potential (TP). Those indicators are related, respectively, to the availability of wood from forests according to local plans criteria, the potential of wood chips production, and the comparison of total available biomass with current uses. The DDS considers the actual uses of the resource, supporting local planners in properly assess the forestry sector and its possible developments. Two case studies on alpine mountain areas are presented and discussed in light of contributing to face the challenge of energy planning at local scale. The DDS allow calculating the number of chip fueled boilers which could be installed in the areas, using local resource below their carrying capacity. DSS application helps highlighting some challenges in resource planning and use at local scale.

Carrying capacity assessment of forest resources: Enhancing environmental sustainability in energy production at local scale

.............................................................................................................. 1

http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/111111111/44591/1/jrc104821_20170118.pdf

Downscaling methodology to produce a high resolution gridded emission inventory to support local/city level air quality policies

Within the framework of CityDelta open model inter-comparison exercise, two different atmospheric chemical transport models, comprehensive air quality model with extension and transport chemical aerosol model, have been applied over a domain centred on Milan (North of Italy) as a result of a cooperation of five Italian groups. The two models have shared the same input fields for yearly PM10 simulations. The paper illustrates the analysis of the particulate matter-simulated concentrations and the comparison with the available experimental data.

PM10 Chemical Model Simulations Over Northern Italy in the Framework of the CityDelta Exercise

The chemical and size characterisation of aerosol in northern Italy was investigated by means of transport chemical aerosol model (TCAM) multiphase model long-term simulations performed within the frame of the CityDelta-CAFE exercise. The results show a high contribution of secondary inorganic compounds, in particular far from the Milan metropolitan area and in the large rural area of the Po valley where the major chemical fractions are ammonium and nitrates. The sulphate contribution is quite similar throughout this region, with the exception of areas close to SOx point emissions. Primary PM and organic compounds fractions, on the other hand, are greater close to major urban areas, in particular the Milan metropolitan zone. This work also presents a seasonal characterisation analysis of physical and chemical aerosol features. The results show that in winter, due to domestic heating emission of NOx and low temperatures, which favour the formation of secondary nitrate and organic aerosol, the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations are higher than those in summer, in agreement with experimental data presented in several studies focussing on the same region.

Evaluation by TCAM Model of Physical–Chemical Properties of Aerosol in Northern Italy

A detailed atmospheric emission inventory for the Lombardy Region, highly industrialized area of about 9 million inhabitants in the north of Italy, has been realized for the year 2001. The inventory is based on a database named INEMAR (INventario Emissioni in ARia), and considers about 220 activities and 12 pollutants (SO2, NOx, NMVOC, CH4, CO, CO2, NH3, N2O, TSP, PM10, PM2.5, PCDD/Fs). Emission data for each of the 1546 municipalities of Lombardy, distributed for activities and fuel type, have been available for a public review process at the INEMAR web site page (http://www.ambiente. regione.lombardia.it/inemar/inemarhome.htm). Different types of sources have been considered. Point sources emissions were calculated by means of a survey of about 250 large plants. Area sources estimates are based on activity indicators and emission factors proposed by EMEP-Corinair Emission Inventory Guidebook, US-EPA Air Chief and other Italian data. Methodologies for agr iculture emissions assessment rely on Corinair and IPCC documents. Copert III methodology has been adopted for road transport, with a detailed specification for PM10 based on other European data. Other detailed approaches have been used for the assessment of emissions from biogenic activities, air traffic, tank, landfill. Surrogate variables have been used for the emissions distribution at municipality level. An accurate analysis has been made for PM10, PM2.5 and dioxin emission factors, in particular with regard to stationary residential combustion. INEMAR estimates are computed according to both SNAP 97 and IPPC nomenclature. The 2001 emission inventory, that follows the previous 1997 edition, is an essential tool for air quality planning for regional, provincial and municipal authorities in Lombardy and a useful data source largely used by public and private environmental organizations. In addition to ordinary data control, a quality assessment program is in progress.

/pdf/a-detailed-emission-inventory-for-air-quality-planning-at-mrp4zofy2g.pdf

A detailed emission inventory for air quality planning at the local scale: the Lombardy (Italy) experience

Within the framework of the atmospheric emission inventory of the Lombardy Region, a region with 9 million inhabitants in Northern Italy, a detailed assessment of emissions from aircrafts and airport land activities in the three main airports of the region has been made for the year 2001, 2003 and 2005. The inventory is based on a daily evaluation of LTO (Landing and Take-Off) cycle for each aircraft category, derived from data recorded in every airport, and on emission factors proposed by the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook for the main aircraft types. The paper shows hourly, daily and monthly emission patterns computed for every airport, as well as average emission factors. Results point out that airports in Lombardy represent an interesting source of NOx emissions (about 1% of total NOx emissions in Lombardy in 2005), whereas for PM and other pollutants the contribution is lower. A critical point of the emission assessment is the availability of reliable emission factors: for 35% of flights the emission factors were not available for the exact aircraft model and were hence based on similar types in size and engine characteristics. Ground support equipments are also considered basing on fleet data and fuel consumption in every airport, as well as average emission factors proposed by the reference methodology for airport land activities. LTO emissions are far higher than emissions from diesel vehicles used in land activities. NOx emission density for airport area is comparable to those in urban areas, although emission elevation is far higher.

Emission Inventory of Airport Activities in Lombardy (italy): Methodologies and Results

TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and PM precursors emission inventory in Lombardy.

Il lavoro presenta le stime delle emissioni in atmosfera di polveri fini, precursori di polveri fini e gas serra in Lombardia provenienti dalle attività di combustione di combustibili e carburanti, come stimate dall’inventario regionale INEMAR per l’anno 2003. I dati dei consumi elaborati nell’inventario derivano da informazioni raccolte sia mediante questionari relativi alle principali sorgenti puntuali della regione, sia consultando le diverse fonti statistiche. Le emissioni in atmosfera sono stimate sia attraverso dati derivanti da misure effettuate presso gli impianti che tramite fattori di emissione proposti in letteratura e utilizzati in ambito EMEP-Corinair e IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). La combustione nel settore del trasporto stradale risulta essere la principale sorgente per numerosi inquinanti, fra cui PM10, NOx, SO2 e CO. L’olio combustibile utilizzato per la produzione di energia è la maggiore fonte di SO2 (56% delle emissioni totali regionali), mentre il gasolio per autotrazione fornisce il principale contributo alle emissioni di NOx (44% del totale). Per le emissioni di polveri (sia PM10 che PM2,5), oltre ai determinanti contributi della combustione del gasolio per autotrazione e della legna in ambito domestico, sono rilevanti anche i processi di usura nel traffico stradale (pneumatici, freni, abrasione dell’asfalto) e le attività relative al settore agro-zootecnico. La benzina è la principale fonte di CO (50%), mentre il metano costituisce una sorgente di grande importanza (45%) per la CO2 e di interesse anche per gli ossidi di azoto (21% del totale regionale). Il lavoro fornisce altresì una valutazione dei fattori di emissione medi dalle attività di combustione in Lombardia a diverse scale di dettaglio.

Le emissioni in atmosfera dalle combustioni in Lombardia

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A detailed emission inventory for air quality planning at the local scale: the Lombardy (Italy) experience

Emission Inventory of Airport Activities in Lombardy (italy): Methodologies and Results

TSP, PM10, PM2.5 and PM precursors emission inventory in Lombardy.

Le emissioni in atmosfera dalle combustioni in Lombardia