State of Art Review on Applications and Mechanism of Self-Healing Materials and Structure

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are widely used across various industries, including medicine, due to their inherent properties such as the shape memory effect, pseudo-elasticity, antigenicity, decomposition, biodegradability, biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion, and wear. This review article aims to cover different aspects of SMAs, including their fundamental concepts such as origin, exceptional properties, fabrication techniques, and structural analysis. Exploring the SMAs at the nanoscale using molecular dynamics analysis and recent studies that integrate machine learning techniques. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of various applications of SMAs, considering the properties and potential fields of use. 

A comprehensive exploration of shape memory alloys: Fundamentals, structural reinforcements, nano-analysis, machine learning perspective, and emerging applications

Microcrack self‐healing capability of waterborne polyurethane/polyacrylate composites with dynamic disulfide bond

For artificial systems, the rising cost and inaccessible scenes for maintenance have increased the need of self-healing, which intends to give systems the ability to heal the damage and faults without external intervention like living organisms. Although self-healing techniques have been widely studied and applied in many engineering systems, reliability research for such systems is limited. Besides, the self-healing ability of artificial systems is generally derived from self-healing resources embedded in the system, while the limitations of embedded resources have less been considered in related research. To fill the research gap, in this paper we consider systems operating under shock environments with limited self-healing resources. Two self-healing policies are designed for allocating the limited resources and enhancing the system reliability. Under different policies, new reliability models are developed and a recursive method is proposed to evaluate the system reliability. Further, some new indexes are introduced and derived for evaluating the performance of the self-healing policies. Based on the new indexes, numerical examples are presented in the end to compare the two policies. 

Reliability modelling and self-healing policy design for systems with limited resources

Materials are susceptible to mechanical, thermal, and chemical deterioration throughout their operational existence, which limits their ultimate utilization in the pragmatic world. However, the field of material science has evolved rapidly, and development of advanced materials has been prioritized for ultimate convenience and functionality. Self-healing materials (SHMs) are such advanced materials that have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their ability to restore the mechanical, electrical, and physicochemical characteristics of materials through a self-healing mechanism. SHMs can heal mechanical and electrical damages, including microcracks, abrasion, cuts, electrical treeing, and breakdown, and have found various applications in the aerospace, energy, electronics, and biomedical industries. Therefore, this study focuses on the advancements in SHMs by discussing their design criteria and self-healing process. Unlike conventional materials, these advanced materials can mimic the self-healing mechanisms of living organisms to instantly repair any system under various conditions. The study further discusses the intrinsic and extrinsic self-healing mechanisms of SHMs and their dependency on external stimuli and crosslink networks for transportation and polymerization of healing agents. Based on the healing mechanism, SHMs incorporate either reversible chemical reactions or microencapsulation and microvascular structure. However, every SHM of polymer, metal, and composite is engineered to heal cracks, avert catastrophic failures, and extend the longevity of structures by self-diagnosing the damage and repairing it to a limited extent. Moreover, the study provides an overview of the fabrication process of healing agents, which is the core substrate of these materials, along with imaging and spectroscopic characterization techniques. Due to their unique self-healing properties, SHMs have the potential to be extensively used in aerospace, energy, electronics, and biomedical applications. In recent years, these materials have been utilized in aerospace fuselage, engine nozzles, turbine blades, superconductors, lithium-ion batteries, sensors, anti-microbial drugs, and containment removal materials. Lastly, future directions are suggested for further research in SHMs with concluding remarks. 

A comprehensive study on the advancements of self-healing materials

Self‐Healing Materials in Aerospace Applications

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Self‐Healing Materials in Aerospace Applications