A meta-analysis (N = 17,620; k = 26) of factor analyses of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was conducted. Analysis of the 12 items from Overall et al.'s (J. E. Overall, L. E. Hollister, & P. Pichot, 1974) 4 subscales found support for his 4 subscales. Analysis of all 18 BPRS items found 4 components similar to those of Overall et al. In a 5-component solution, a 5th activation component emerged but was best supported among samples of schizophrenic patients. The first 4 components appear to form the core of the BPRS factor structure. Results of the meta-analysis suggest 5 subscales (with items in parentheses): Affect (anxiety, guilt, depression, somatic); Positive Symptoms (thought content, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, grandiosity); Negative Symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, motor retardation); Resistance (hostility, uncooperativeness, suspiciousness); and Activation (excitement, tension, mannerisms-posturing).

Meta-analysis of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Factor Structure.

In vivo assays for selecting candidate therapeutics for inhibiting amyloidoses, such as congophilic and fibrillar β/A4 amyloid deposition in brain. A candidate reagent is administered to a first rat in a first infusate comprising β/A4 peptide and perlecan by continuous infusion into the hippocampus for at least one week. The candidate reagent is selected as a candidate therapeutic for inhibiting congophilic and fibrillar β/A4 amyloid deposition in brain if the first infusate diminishes congo red and thioflavin S staining indicative of amyloid deposition adjacent to the infusion site, as compared with a second rat receiving a second infusate consisting essentially of β/A4 peptide and perlecan.

Animal models of human amyloidoses

In vivo assays for selecting candidate therapeutics for inhibiting amyloidoses, such as congophilic and fibrillar β/A4 amyloid deposition in brain. A candidate reagent is administered to a first rat in a first infusate comprising β/A4 peptide and perlecan by continuous infusion for at least one week into hippocampus. The candidate reagent is selected as a candidate therapeutic for inhibiting congophilic and fibrillar β/A4 amyloid deposition in brain if the first infusate diminishes congo red and thioflavin S staining indicative of amyloid deposition adjacent to the infusion site, as compared with a second rat receiving a second infusate consisting essentially of β/A4 peptide and perlecan.

Rodent models of human amyloidoses

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the drugs used in non-orthodox medicine. Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWH) is a vine-like plant which grows in southern China; an extract has been used in Chinese herbal medicine for many centuries. Traditionally it has been used to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and there seems little doubt that it is highly active, though also toxic Fish oil continues to be used experimentally for a wide range of purposes, including the enhancement of the immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine, inhibition of hypersensitivity, reduction of tumor necrosis factor and even treatment of hypertension. In some of these indications, for example, hypertension, promising effects have been obtained, but impartial observers have commented that there is too little evidence to determine the long-term efficacy and safety. Sulodexide is described as a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan composed of iduronylglycosaminoglycan sulfate (80%) and dermatan sulfate (20%). It has been used, almost exclusively by Italian investigators, as an oral treatment for peripheral vascular diseases, and it is claimed to be effective as it has both thrombolytic effects and the ability to reduce blood viscosity.

Drugs used in non-orthodox medicine

1. Glycosaminoglycan polysulfate is a mixture of sulfo-muco-polysaccharides with hypolipidemic activity. A number of clinical studies have indicated that it is effective in improving psychopathology in patients with cardiac and/or cerebral disease associated with arteriosclerosis. 2. A multicenter clinical trial was performed to compare the effects of two different dosages of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate upon depressive symptomatology in patients with multi-infarct dementia and primary degenerative dementia. 3. A total of 39 patients were treated in an 18-week clinical trial which followed a single-blind parallel design. 4. Results indicated that patients with both diagnoses improved significantly in depressive symptomatology over the course of treatment, with particular improvement noted in cognitive disturbance. Drug dosage was not a significant determinant of treatment response for either diagnostic group.

Glycosaminoglycan polysulfate (Ateroid) in old-age dementias: effects upon depressive symptomatology in geriatric patients.

Global changes with glycosaminoglycan polysulfate in primary degenerative and multi-infarct dementia

Glycosaminoglycan polysulfate is a mixture of sulfomucopolysaccharides with a standardized composition and reproducible biologic activity. In a 12-week, multicenter clinical trial the therapeutic effects of two dosages—250 lipasemic-releasing units (LRU) per day and 500 LRU/day—of parenterally administered glycosaminoglycan polysulfate were compared in two diagnostically distinct populations: (1) patients with primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type, and (2) patients with multi-infarct dementia. It was found that there were significant changes from pretreatment to end of therapy with regard to measures of objective performance, psychopathology, and social behavior. Improvement was consistently greater in the group with primary degenerative dementia than in the group with multi-infarct dementia. On the other hand, no consistent differences in therapeutic effects between the two doses could be seen. The drug was well tolerated; side effects were infrequent and mild. No clinically significant laboratory abnormalities were encountered during the 3-month clinical trial.

Treatment of primary degenerative dementia and multi-infarct dementia with glycosaminoglycan polysulfate: A comparison of two diagnoses and two doses

In a multicenter clinical trial, two dosages of glycosaminoglycan polysulfate were compared in patients with primary degenerative dementia and multi-infarct dementia. Psychopathologic symptoms were assessed using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). A factor analysis of this scale revealed four factors in this population. During the clinical trial, significant improvements were noted on the primary BPRS factor (i.e. depressive withdrawal), as well as on total BPRS score. There was a tendency for greater improvement in the primary degenerative dementia group than in the multi-infarct dementia group.

Glycosaminoglycan Polysulfate in Old-Age Dementias: A Factor-Analytic Study of Change in Psychopathologic Symptoms

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Global changes with glycosaminoglycan polysulfate in primary degenerative and multi-infarct dementia

Treatment of primary degenerative dementia and multi-infarct dementia with glycosaminoglycan polysulfate: A comparison of two diagnoses and two doses

Glycosaminoglycan Polysulfate in Old-Age Dementias: A Factor-Analytic Study of Change in Psychopathologic Symptoms