第１章 ＧＥＭ調査の概要（分析の枠組み；調査方法；起業活動の定義；起業活動率；起業活動と経済成長；起業の計画と失敗） 第２章 起業家と事業特性（起業家の背景；起業家の能力；事業特性；起業家教育） 第３章 起業の環境（社会的資源；起業家に対する評価；経済危機の影響；起業活動の投資環境） 第４章 専門家調査（資金調達；政府の方針；支援プログラム；教育システム；技術移転；コマーシャル・サービス；起業文化；事業機会；経営能力；起業家に対する評価；女性への支援；急成長への注目；イノベーションへの関心；調査結果） 第５章 政策への提

起業と経済成長 : global entrepreneurship monitor調査報告

textThis paper is an introduction to the special issue from the 3rd Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Research Conference held in Washington, D.C., in 2008. The paper has three objectives. First, to discuss the importance of the three stages of economic development, the factor-driven stage, the efficiency-driven stage and the innovation-driven stage. Second, to examine the empirical evidence on the relationship between stages of economic development and entrepreneurship. Third, to present a summary of the papers in the context of the theory.

Entrepreneurship, economic development and institutions

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits Pearson Education Inc., Wharton School Publishing, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2004; Pages: 432; Price: US $ 29.99; ISBN: 0-13-146750-6. The treasure lying at the bottom of the world's economic pyramid, attracts companies with unimaginable prospects and profits. The economic pyramid of the world contains more than 400 crores of population at the bottom whose earnings and spendings per capita are low, but as an aggregate, are much larger than they are perceived to be. Hence, it is high time for the corporate managers to make an effort to locate the Alibaba's treasure lying hidden at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP). Broadly, the characteristics and spending patterns of the BOP segment are different as compared to the other segments of the society. In the high and medium range markets, consumers are able to buy bigger packages of consumables such as a 10 kg packet of detergents so that they need not shop frequently. But low-end BOP consumers do not have so much disposable cash to buy in bulk and store. Hence, it is suggested that this segment be provided with "single serve" packages. Already in India, 30% of personal care and other consumables such as shampoo, tea, and cold medicines are sold in single serve packages and most single serve packages are priced at one rupee. Hindustan Lever Limited offers Clinic Plus shampoo priced at 50 Paisa. The major differences between the Bottom of the Pyramid and the Top of the Pyramid markets are differences in buying habits and cultural differences. The Bottom of the Pyramid is characterized by a low brand consciousness due to low economic position, and is mostly need driven. Major emerging BOP markets in the world, including China, India, Mexico, Russia, Brazil, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey and Indonesia, with a combined population of about 300 crores, represent 70% of the world BOP population. Such a huge jumbo size BOP market promises intense marketing opportunities for the companies. THE BOOK UNDER REVIEW Part 1 of the book emphasizes the development of an appropriate framework for the active engagement of the private sector at the BOR It provides the basis for a profitable win-win situation for all stake holders involved in the process of catering to BOP markets. Part 2 describes 12 cases, in a variety of businesses where BOP is becoming an active market and is bringing benefits to its customers far beyond offering just products. Part 3 contains stories in video form-an attempt to present the prospects and prosperity underlying the BOP markets, and to bring the BOP markets into limelight. Around 100 hrs of video was collected as part of the research. The book specifies workable solutions for serving huge population lying at the bottom of the world's economic pyramid. Even with NGOs working tirelessly and government support and international aid being circulated heavily, the problem of poverty still persists. According to the author, the main reason for this situation is that the private sector, which is huge and potentially capable of solving any problem in the world, is practically not involved. The concept of 'Bottom of the Pyramid" is explained in this book. The World's Economic Pyramid contains wealthy people at the top with high spending capacities and habits. But the size of this segment is very small i.e., only about 7.5 to 10 crores of 600 crores plus population, whereas more than 400 crores of population live at the bottom of the pyramid earning less than $2 per day and in India alone around 40 crores of people earn less than Rs. 90 per day. The author opines that, to effectively serve this BOP market, instead of old and tried solutions, continuous innovation and a paradigm shift in the thinking process of the private sector is needed. THE BOOK PRESENTS CASES OF COMPANIES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN BOP MARKETING * The Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF): It established the Solar Electric Light Company (SELCO) in 1995 to market, install, and serve the Solar Home Systems (SHS) in south India. …

The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Profits

Entrepreneurship as Social Change: A Third Movements in Entrepreneurship Book

Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle against World Poverty

Attention to social entrepreneurship has increased over the years. Although previous research on this topic has been case-based or conceptualized, it has been suggested that social and conventional entrepreneurs differ with regards to innovation. This study aims to improve the understanding of this relationship by empirically testing it. The definitions of social entrepreneurship in the literature are broad, but this study only takes into account two definitions of social entrepreneurship, namely (1) the double bottom line definition, that both social and economic return are important; and (2) that the primary goal of social entrepreneurs is to create social value. Using quantitative research it is analysed if social entrepreneurs are different from conventional entrepreneurs with regards to innovativeness. The main findings are that social entrepreneurs are more innovative than conventional entrepreneurs. This reinforces findings of previous literature on social entrepreneurship. Despite the fact that social entrepreneurs are found to be more innovative than conventional entrepreneurs, the explorative analysis shows that this is not always the case. Social entrepreneurs living in different level of economic development relate differently to innovation. In factor-driven economies there is no significant difference between social and conventional entrepreneurs. In efficiency-driven economies, social entrepreneurs are more innovative than conventional entrepreneurs. In innovation-driven economies, social entrepreneur are less innovative than conventional entrepreneurs. Furthermore, it is found that social entrepreneurs in factor-driven and efficiency-driven economies show no significant difference in the likelihood of being innovative, while social entrepreneurs in innovation-driven are less likely to be innovative compared to social entrepreneurs in factor-driven economies. The study also analysed two factors; fear of failure and opportunity recognition. These may be of influence on the relationship between social entrepreneurship and innovation. The conclusion is that both the fear of failure and opportunity recognition of entrepreneurs does not have an effect on this relationship. Further research should be done on other factors that may explain this relationship. The research has implications for corporate leaders and policy makers in that it clarifies the relationship between social entrepreneurship and innovation. Policies should stimulate social entrepreneurship more since they are more innovative than conventional entrepreneurs and thus this will lead to economic growth. Aside from the innovation aspect, due to the goals of social entrepreneurs, there is also a contribution to the environment and sustainable development.

/pdf/which-entrepreneurial-type-is-more-innovative-3hdsgeuhlp.pdf

Which Entrepreneurial Type is more Innovative

Religion and entrepreneurship are important phenomena in the economy. It has been proven that religion is related with entrepreneurship and the economy (Bonacich, 1973; Porter, 1990; Gianetti & Simonov, 2004; Wiseman & Young, 2013). This research aims to bring more clarity on the relationship between different measurements for religion on entrepreneurship. This is achieved by investigating different proxies for religion on the likelihood of being an entrepreneur. There are different studies on religion and entrepreneurship using different proxies for religion. In this study a comparison is made between these proxies. We use four different proxies for religion: religious upbringing, religious affiliation, church attendance and frequency of prayer. Analysing the proxies for religion on the likelihood of being an entrepreneur illustrates that some proxies have association with entrepreneurship and some do not. Turning to the literature, it can be seen that there is a lack of consistency when it comes to the relationship between religion and entrepreneurship. Religion is connected to entrepreneurship through a set of principles (Scott, 1986). Kunkel (1970) emphasized that religious minorities tend to be highly entrepreneurial. Giannetti and Simonov (2004) have shown that religion is a part of the cultural values that affects the individual’s choice of being an entrepreneur. Other studies found that entrepreneurial decision is shaped by religion positively but also negatively (Audretsch, Boente, & Tamvada, 2007). Another study found that there were no differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs when it came to religion (Drakapoulou Dodd & Seaman, 1998; Rietveld & Van Burg, 2013). The main findings of the quantitative research are that individuals with most religious affiliations are less likely to be business owners, this is also the case for individuals that pray weekly. Individual who attend church and those who do not does not differ significantly in the odds of being a business owner. Individual with a religious upbringing has a positive association with the likelihood of being a business owner. The quantitative research was at an individual level, hereby we could look at individual characteristic of the entrepreneur. This study contributes to the understanding of entrepreneurs and how religious behaviour impacted them. Further research can be conducted in other countries, with other proxies for religion or entrepreneurship. Religion can also impact other entrepreneurial processes such as successfulness or productiveness. Further research should examine these proxies for religion on other entrepreneurial activity or process.

/pdf/religion-shapes-the-entrepreneur-30ynhxifze.pdf

Religion Shapes the Entrepreneur

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Which Entrepreneurial Type is more Innovative

Religion Shapes the Entrepreneur