https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/pdf/S1364-6613(12)00201-X.pdf

Organizing probabilistic models of perception.

The reflection of light is governed by the laws first described by Augustin-Jean Fresnel: on internal reflection, light acquires a phase shift, which depends on its polarization direction with respect to the plane of incidence. For a conical reflector, the cylindrical symmetry is echoed in an angular variation of this phase shift, allowing us to create light modes with phase and polarization singularities. Here we observe the phase and polarization profiles of light that is back reflected from a solid glass cone and, in the case of circular input light, discover that not only does the beam contain orbital angular momentum but can trivially be converted to a radially polarized beam. Importantly, the Fresnel coefficients are reasonably stable across the visible spectrum, which we demonstrate by measuring white light polarization profiles. This discovery provides a highly cost-effective technique for the generation of broadband orbital angular momentum and radially polarized beams.

/pdf/achromatic-vector-vortex-beams-from-a-glass-cone-2qy501i04k.pdf

Achromatic vector vortex beams from a glass cone.

I’m writing a book called “Renaissance vision from spectacles to telescopes”. The book treats the early development, diffusion, commerce, and artistic representation of eyeglasses from their invention ca. 1286 to the discovery of the telescope ca. 1600.

Renaissance Vision from Spectacles to Telescopes

Recent advances in the technology affording eye movement recordings carry the risk of neglecting past achievements. Without the assistance of this modern armoury, great strides were made in describing the ways the eyes move. For Aristotle the fundamental features of eye movements were binocular, and he described the combined functions of the eyes. This was later given support using simple procedures like placing a finger over the eyelid of the closed eye and culminated in Hering's law of equal innervation. However, the overriding concern in the 19th century was with eye position rather than eye movements. Appreciating discontinuities of eye movements arose from studies of vertigo. The characteristics of nystagmus were recorded before those of saccades and fixations. Eye movements during reading were described by Hering and by Lamare in 1879; both used similar techniques of listening to sounds made during contractions of the extraocular muscles. Photographic records of eye movements during reading were made by Dodge early in the 20th century, and this stimulated research using a wider array of patterns. In the mid-20th century attention shifted to the stability of the eyes during fixation, with the emphasis on involuntary movements. The contributions of pioneers from Aristotle to Yarbus are outlined.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1068/i0389

Pioneers of eye movement research

Chapter 1 Recording observations The practice of perception Art Color Optics Greek science and perception The ideal and the observable The five senses The introduction of observation The introduction of optics The introduction of experiment Summary Chapter 2 Nature of perceptual error Comparisons of percepts Comparisons with physics Comparisons with physiology Distal and proximal comparisons Phantoms Summary Chapter 3 Nature of veridicality Nature of light Greek optics Medieval optics Early modern optics Nature of sight Eye Retina Visual pathways Eye glasses Summary Chapter 4 Perception in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Impact of optics Eye as an optical instrument Impact of anatomy Visual pathways Impact of physiology Accommodation &

Perception and Illusion: Historical Perspectives

Detergent compositions, which are particularly suitable for providing hydrophobic fabrics, such as polyester, with a soil release effect for oily soils, are disclosed. These compositions contain surface-active agents, polyester soil release polymers, and a component which dissociates in aqueous solution producing quaternary ammonium cations. The process of laundering hydrophobic fibers in aqueous solutions of these compositions is also disclosed.

Ptolemy's theory of visual perception : an English translation of the Optics : with introduction and commentary

Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's "De aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitab al-Manazir": Volume One

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3185879

Ptolemy and the foundations of ancient mathematical optics : a source based guided study

This book is divided into five parts. The first part [constitutes] the book's prologue; the second [is devoted] to showing that the reflection of light occurs from polished bodies; the third [focuses] on how the [visible] form is reflected; the fourth part [is concerned] with showing that the perception of a form in polished bodies is due solely to reflection; the fifth part [deals] with how forms are perceived through reflection. [CHAPTER 1] [1.1] We have already explained in the [previous] three books how [visible] forms are perceived by sight when it is direct [and uninterrupted], and we have listed the particular characteristics of visible objects that the visual faculty perceives.1 But visual perception occurs in three different ways: i.e., directly, as we [just] mentioned; or by means of [rays] reflecting from polished bodies; or by means of [rays] passing through transparent media, there being none more transparent than [pure] air. These three are the only ways in which vision can occur.2 [1.2] Furthermore, in the case of the latter two [types of vision], the visual faculty perceives all the visible characteristics of objects we discussed earlier when we showed how sight apprehends them in direct vision. And in these cases sight may be subject to error or it may be veridical.3 In this book we shall focus upon how [visible] forms are apprehended by means of reflection, as well as how reflection [itself] will occur, and [we shall also discuss] the disposition of reflected rays. But first we should make some preliminary observations. [CHAPTER 2] [2.1] From the first book it is clear that light [emanating] from an illuminated body, whether that body is intrinsically or extrinsically illuminated, shines upon every object that faces it, and likewise color is propagated [toward all facing objects] as long as [that color] is illuminated.4 Thus, when a polished body faces an illuminated body, the light from the illuminated body, which is mingled with its color, shines upon that polished body, and the resulting light is reflected along with the color, no matter whether it is bright or faint or whether it is primary or secondary.5 [2.2] That reflection may occur in the case of bright light can be demonstrated by directing an iron mirror6 toward an intense light-source, having a wall face the mirror, and letting the light shine upon the mirror at a slant, not orthogonally. The bright light will [then] appear reflected upon the wall, but it will definitely not appear at the same spot if the mirror is removed, nor will it appear at the same spot if the mirror is moved; on the contrary, the spot at which the light is reflected upon the wall will shift with the motion of the mirror. So it is clear that reflection occurs in the case of bright light. [2.3] This can be demonstrated as easily in the case of faint light. Within a room that has a single window that is not too high above the ground, let daylight, but not [direct] sunlight, shine through that window upon some object.7 Place an iron mirror near that object, and put a white body near the mirror. On that second white body the light will appear brighter than [it did] when the mirror was absent, and the increase in that light is due solely to reflection from the mirror, for when the mirror is removed, only faint, secondary light will appear on the white body. [2.4] Furthermore, if one carefully directs his sight along the lines according to which the light shines from the first object to the mirror, he cannot help but realize that the inclination of those lines upon the mirror is the same as the inclination of the lines of reflection to the [white body] itself. So it is characteristic of reflection that the inclination is the same and that the angle of the incident and reflected rays is the same. But if the white body is moved from the location of reflection to somewhere else, even [if that new location is] near the mirror, the increase in light will not appear in it, nor can it be detected except in that particular location [of reflection]. …

Book Five of Alhacen's De Aspectibus

Alhacen on the Principles of Reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's "De Aspectibus", the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's "Kitāb al-Manāẓir". Volume One: Introduction and Latin Text

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