Stripe (yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), is a fungal disease that presents one of the most serious threats to the wheat crops, causing severe yield losses worldwide, including Kazakhstan. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate a winter wheat collection for stripe rust resistance during an adult plant growth stage, (2) identify the presence of selected Yr genes using linked molecular markers in wheat germplasm, (3) identify potentially useful resistant wheat genotypes among leading cultivars and advanced breeding lines. This study evaluated 70 winter wheat genotypes for stripe rust resistance. According to the field reactions, 42 entries (60%) had R or MR reactions including 27 breeding lines (38.6%) and 15 (21.4%) cultivars. Twenty-eight breeding lines/cultivars (40.0%) were susceptible in both years. According to the average coefficient of infection value (ACI) six genotypes were regarded as possessing high level of adult plant resistance. Cultivars/lines carrying Yr10 alone or in combination with other Yr resistance genes provided resistance to stripe rust. Eleven breeding lines showed <5% disease severity in both years. Linked marker analysis revealed the presence of several gene and gene complexes (Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17/Lr37/Sr38 and Yr18/Lr34). Among a collection of 70 winter wheat breeding lines and cultivars produced in Kazakhstan three stripe rust resistance genes (Yr10, Yr5 and Yr15) demonstrated high frequency occurrence (31.4%, 14.0% and 7.0%, respectively). The most abundant was gene Yr10 identified in 22 genotypes. It was followed by the Yr5 gene, which conferred resistance in 14 lines (20%) and Yr18 gene-11 lines (15.7%). Yr15 was identified in 7 genotypes. Yr17/Lr37/Sr38 gene complex was found in 2 entries. Among 70 evaluated germplasm sources, 42 disease resistant entries are potentially useful resistant wheat genotypes. These carriers of different Yr genes can be used directly in breeding programs to improve stripe rust resistance of winter wheat. Marker-assisted selection can be efficiently applied to develop wheat cultivars with effective gene combinations that would directly assist in developing durable resistance in Kazakhstan.

Identification of Stripe Rust Resistance Genes in Common Wheat Cultivars and Breeding Lines from Kazakhstan

Evaluating stripe rust resistance in Indian wheat genotypes and breeding lines using molecular markers

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Ptr), is a significant disease of spring wheat spread in Kazakhstan. The development of resistant cultivars importantly requires the effective use of leaf rust resistance genes. This study aims to: (i) determine variation in Ptr population using races from the East Kazakhstan, Akmola, and Almaty regions of Kazakhstan; (ii) examine resistance during seedling and adult plant stages; and (iii) identify the sources of Lr resistance genes among the spring wheat collection using molecular markers. Analysis of a mixed population of Ptr identified 25 distinct pathotypes. Analysis of these pathotypes using 16 Thatcher lines that are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance genes (Lr) showed different virulence patterns, ranging from least virulent “CJF/B” and “JCL/G” to highly virulent “TKT/Q”. Most of the pathotypes were avirulent to Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, and Lr25 and virulent to Lr1, Lr2a, Lr3ka, Lr11, and Lr30. The Ptr population in Kazakhstan is diverse, as indicated by the range of virulence observed in five different races analyzed in this study. The number of genotypes showed high levels of seedling resistance to each of the five Ptr races, thus confirming genotypic diversity. Two genotypes, Stepnaya 62 and Omskaya 37, were highly resistant to almost all five tested Ptr pathotypes. Stepnaya 62, Omskaya 37, Avangard, Kazakhstanskaya rannespelaya, and Kazakhstanskaya 25 were identified as the most stable genotypes for seedling resistance. However, most of the varieties from Kazakhstan were susceptible in the seedling stage. Molecular screening of these genotypes showed contrasting differences in the genes frequencies. Among the 30 entries, 22 carried leaf rust resistance gene Lr1, and two had Lr9 and Lr68. Lr10 and Lr28 were found in three and four cultivars, respectively. Lr19 was detected in Omskaya 37. Two single cultivars separately carried Lr26 and Lr34, while Lr37 was not detected in any genotypes within this study. Field evaluation demonstrated that the most frequent Lr1 gene is ineffective. Kazakhstanskaya 19 and Omskaya 37 had the highest number of resistance genes: three and four Lr genes, respectively. Two gene combinations (Lr1, Lr68) were detected in Erythrospermum 35 and Astana. The result obtained may assist breeders in incorporating effective Lr genes into new cultivars and developing cultivars resistant to leaf rust.

https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/7/1484/pdf

Evaluation of Wheat Germplasm for Resistance to Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina) and Identification of the Sources of Lr Resistance Genes Using Molecular Markers

Wheat is a major nutritional cereal crop that has economic and strategic value worldwide. The sustainability of this extraordinary crop is facing critical challenges globally, particularly leaf rust disease, which causes endless problems for wheat farmers and countries and negatively affects humanity's food security. Developing effective marker-assisted selection programs for leaf rust resistance in wheat mainly depends on the availability of deep mining of resistance genes within the germplasm collections. This is the first study that evaluated the leaf rust resistance of 50 Egyptian wheat varieties at the adult plant stage for two successive seasons and identified the absence/presence of 28 leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes within the studied wheat collection. The field evaluation results indicated that most of these varieties demonstrated high to moderate leaf rust resistance levels except Gemmeiza 1, Gemmeiza 9, Giza162, Giza 163, Giza 164, Giza 165, Sids 1, Sids 2, Sids 3, Sakha 62, Sakha 69, Sohag 3 and Bany Swif 4, which showed fast rusting behavior. On the other hand, out of these 28 Lr genes tested against the wheat collection, 21 Lr genes were successfully identified. Out of 15 Lr genes reported conferring the adult plant resistant or slow rusting behavior in wheat, only five genes (Lr13, Lr22a, Lr34, Lr37, and Lr67) were detected within the Egyptian collection. Remarkedly, the genes Lr13, Lr19, Lr20, Lr22a, Lr28, Lr29, Lr32, Lr34, Lr36, Lr47, and Lr60, were found to be the most predominant Lr genes across the 50 Egyptian wheat varieties. The molecular phylogeny results also inferred the same classification of field evaluation, through grouping genotypes characterized by high to moderate leaf rust resistance in one cluster while being highly susceptible in a separate cluster, with few exceptions.

Mining of Leaf Rust Resistance Genes Content in Egyptian Bread Wheat Collection.

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is a causative agent of tan spot in wheat. In recent years, there has been an increasing spread and harmfulness of wheat tan spot. The aim of the research was to study the racial composition of the P. tritici-repentis population in the Republic of Kazakhstan. A collection of 30 common wheat accessions, including promising lines and cultivars from Kazakhstan and CIMMYT–ICARDA, was assessed for resistance to P. triticirepentis in a greenhouse and characterized using the Xfcp623 molecular marker, diagnostic for the Tsn1 gene. Monosporic isolates of P. tritici-repentis isolated from the southeastern region were assigned to certain races based on the manifestation of symptoms of necrosis/chlorosis on standard differentials (Glenlea, 6B662, 6B365). Five races of P. tritici-repentis have been identified, including races 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8. It has been shown that races 1 and 8 of P. tritici-repentis are dominant. As a result of the analysis of the frequency of occurrence of the P. tritici-repentis races, it was found that race 1 (50 %) producing Ptr ToxA and Ptr ToxB and race 8 (35 %) producing Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB and Ptr ToxC turned out to be dominant. From a practical point of view, of greatest interest are 16 wheat samples, which demonstrated resistance to race 1 and confirmed insensitivity to Ptr ToxA in a molecular screening. These include eight Kazakhstani (4_PSI, 10204_2_KSI, 10204_3_KSI, 10205_2_KSI, 10205_3_KSI, 605_SP2, 632_SP2, Dana) and seven foreign lines (KR11-20, KR11-03, KR11-9014, 11KR-13, KR12-9025, KR12-07, GN-68/2003). The results of this study are of interest in wheat breeding programs for tan spot resistance.

/pdf/pyrenophora-tritici-repentis-population-structure-in-the-24bo2efnum.pdf

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis population structure in the Republic of Kazakhstan and identification of wheat germplasm resistant to tan spot.

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici, is one of the major diseases of wheat in Kazakhstan. To effectively use leaf rust resistance genes (Lr), it is important for breeders to know the resistance genotype in current cultivars. In this study, 30 winter wheat entries grown and/or produced in Kazakhstan were investigated using molecular markers to determine the presence and absence of eight important Lr genes. Molecular screening of these genotypes showed contrasting differences in the frequencies of these genes. Among the 30 entries, 17 carried leaf rust resistance gene Lr1, six had Lr26 and Lr34, and Lr10 and Lr37 were found in three cultivars. Two single cultivars separately carried Lr19 and Lr68, while Lr9 was not detected in any genotypes in this study. Field evaluation demonstrated that two of the most frequent two genes (Lr1 and Lr26) to be ineffective. While Lr34 provided some protection, the remaining effective Lr genes were found only in few genotypes: Lr37 occurred in Kazakh genotypes L-1090 and Krasnovodapadskaya 210 and in the US cultivar Madsen; Lr19 and Lr68 were likely present only in Russian and Kazakh cultivars, Pallada and Yegemen, respectively. The highest resistance over three years of leaf rust testing was found in Kazakh cultivars, Karasay, Krasnovodapadskaya 210, L-1090, Arap and Yegmen, foreign cultivars Madsen, Pallada and the control Parula (Lr68). Data may assist breeders to incorporate effective Lr genes into new cultivars.

/pdf/identification-of-leaf-rust-resistance-genes-in-wheat-23g37ausmb.pdf

Identification of Leaf Rust Resistance Genes in Wheat Cultivars Produced in Kazakhstan

Rootstocks play an important role in the life of fruit crops.The full realization of the potential of the variety depends on them, such as physiological capabilities, drought resistance, winter hardiness, productivity, durability and fruiting rate. To determine the best scion-rootstock combinations physiological and phyto-pathological assessment scion-rootstock combinations for apple cv. ‘Aport’ and M. sieversii were studied. The experiment was carried out from February 2019 to July 2022 in the experimental orchard of Kazakh Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute. In the experimental garden (2015 y. planted) the physiological studies of the water homeostasis, adaptive potential, ecological status, and coefficient stress were carried out in dynamics. High adaptive homeostatic coefficients and a good ecological state were observed in forms № 1, 8, 11 and № 9 throughout the growing season. The robustness of these forms was on an average 38% higher than that of the № 2, 3, 4 and № 7. The maximum fetal weight was 270 g. According to biochemical analysis, forms № 2, 11 and № 9 differed in the amount of vitamin C and total sugar. Scab and powdery mildew are common ‘Aport’ diseases. Forms № 11, 2, 10 are the most resistant rootstock-scion combinations. To conclude, № 8, 9 and № 11 were considered as highly adaptive, productive, rapid-fruiting and resistant to biotic and abiotic factors, free-subsurface factors. These varieties were collected from the Reserves of State National Parks of Kazakhstan.

Physiological and phyto-pathological assessment scion-rootstock combinations for apple cv. Aport and M. sieversii

Pollution and climate change negatively affect plant health. The growing demand for global food production in the agricultural sector is a decisive driving force for the development of new disease control methods that are effective against known pathogens. Plants possess specialized structures, chemicals, and complex defense mechanisms against pathogens. Understanding these defense mechanisms and pathways is critical to developing innovative approaches to protecting crops from disease. Plant stress can be reduced by applying salicylic acid, which is involved in plant signaling. Salicylic acid induces pathogenetic gene expression and the synthesis of protective compounds involved in local and systemic acquired resistance. For this reason, salicylic acid can be used against pathogens, heavy metal stress, and salt stress. The applied salicylic acid enhances photosynthesis, growth, and various morphological, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms in stressed plants. In this article, we look at the use of exogenous salicylic acid for the relief of bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases.

The role of salicylic acid in the plant defense mechanism

Common bunt is one of the most dangerous diseases of wheat, the causative agent of
 which is Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. It turns the seeds of cereals into a mass of black
 dense trimethylamine, completely destroying them. Along with the reduction of damage
 from common bunt, the quality of the harvested grain decreases. To protect wheat from
 common bunt, it is important to create and grow sustainable varieties in agriculture.The
 most effective method of combating common bunt is genetic protection, which allows the
 introduction of wheat samples resistant to common bunt into production. The aim of the
 study is to determine the resistance of wheat samples to Tilletia caries (D.C.) Tul
 spores.For the study, 10 samples of Romanian wheat were taken and used as an unstable
 standard for common bunt Bogarnaya 56. As a result of the study, 9 wheat varieties were
 identified, which turned out to be highly resistant to diseases. These are: PARTENER,
 RETEZAT, F08126G1, F08245G1, F06659G-1, F06393GP10, F08347G8, F08034G1 and F07270G2. As
 a result of the calculation of the biomass index, the (NDVI) index of two genotypes was
 recognized as high. As a result of the analysis of structural traits, varieties
 PARTENER, F08245G1 and F08347G8 were rated as high in four identical traits.Wheat
 samples that have been identified as resistant as a result of the study can be submitted
 as donors against common buntTilletia caries (D.C.) Tul in the breeding
 program.

/pdf/identification-the-sources-of-resistance-genes-to-common-1rnf68hd.pdf

Identification the sources of resistance genes to common bunt from samples of
 romanian wheat

Common bunt (Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul.), which directly affects the yield and quality of wheat, is one of the most dangerous fungal species in the years of epiphytotic. A small infection of wheat with the pathogen (Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul.) reduces the yield and quality of wheat in production and makes it unsuitable for use as feed. The article presents 25 local varieties of winter soft wheat and studied 23 Bt-isogenic lines. In the field, the resistance of wheat samples to the pathogen (Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul.) collected in the wheat growing areas of the Almaty region was studied. As a result of the study, the resistance of wheat varieties to common bunt was 84%. As a result of phytopathological assessment, high resistance (R) of 15 wheat varieties to the pathogen Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. was revealed. These include Nureke, Zhetysu, Dinara, Raminal, Karasai, Egemen-20, Talim, Reke, Naz, Kyzyl Bidai, Mereke 70, Egemen, Zhalyn, Kazakhstanskaya 25 and Manshuk. Varieties Almaly, Aliya, Sapaly, Mereke 75, Krasnovodopadskaya 210, Bogarnaya 56 are marked as resistant (MR) to common bunt. Bt-isogenic lines on the territory of Kazakhstan showed 80% avirulence to the causative agent of common bunt. 18 isogenic lines with high resistance to smut spores were identified: M84-522 to 530, RB/SEL 1403 (Bt-2), M82-542 to 550 , RB/TK 3055 (Bt-4), Red Bobs/Hohenheimer (Bt-5), M82-562 to 570), RB/TK3055(Bt-7), M78-9496, RB/PI 178210 (White Seed) (Bt-8), M84-597 to 605, RB/CI 7090. (Bt-9), M82-625, SEL M83-162(Bt-10), Doubi, DW(Bt-14), Carlton, DW(Bt-15), SEL 2092(Bt-1), SEL1102(Bt- 2), Turkey 1558(Bt-4), Hohenheimer (Bt-5), Rio(Bt-6), R63-6968(Bt-10), M82-2123(Bt-8.9.10), P.I. 119333(M82-2141),BW (Bt-12) and Thwle III.P.I. 181463, BW (Bt-13). Lines Ridit (Bt-3) and M84-532-538, RB/RDT (Bt-3), which were infected at 1%, were resistant to the disease.

Identification of germoplasm of wheat resistant to common bunt (tilletia caries (dc.) tul)

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Papers

Identification of Leaf Rust Resistance Genes in Wheat Cultivars Produced in Kazakhstan

Physiological and phyto-pathological assessment scion-rootstock combinations for apple cv. Aport and M. sieversii

The role of salicylic acid in the plant defense mechanism

Identification the sources of resistance genes to common bunt from samples of romanian wheat

Identification of germoplasm of wheat resistant to common bunt (tilletia caries (dc.) tul)