Removal of contaminants in wastewater, such as heavy metals, has become a severe problem in the world. Numerous technologies have been developed to deal with this problem. As an emerging technology, nanotechnology has been gaining increasing interest and many nanomaterials have been developed to remove heavy metals from polluted water, due to their excellent features resulting from the nanometer effect. In this work, novel nanomaterials, including carbon-based nanomaterials, zero-valent metal, metal-oxide based nanomaterials, and nanocomposites, and their applications for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater were systematically reviewed. Their efficiency, limitations, and advantages were compared and discussed. Furthermore, the promising perspective of nanomaterials in environmental applications was also discussed and potential directions for future work were suggested.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/9/3/424/pdf

Nanomaterials for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing agro-industries as it presently accounts for nearly 50% of all fish for direct human consumption and 43% of total seafood supply. Fish provide about 20% average daily intake of animal protein for about 3.2 billion people globally. The treatment of aquaculture in recent years for the mitigation of heavy metals and other contaminants has been gaining traction due to the benefits of aquaculture to both man and the environment. This paper provides a review of the sources, impacts, and the various methods that have been deployed in recent years by various researchers for the treatment of heavy metal contaminated aquaculture. Related works of literature were obtained and compiled from academic search databases and were carefully analysed in this study. The dangers these metals pose to the sustainability of aquaculture were studied in this review. Studies indicate that some heavy metals, such as mercury, lead, and cadmium, due to their long-term persistence in the environment, allow them to accumulate in the food chain. Mitigation techniques such as adsorption, bio-sorption, and phytoremediation have been deployed for the treatment of heavy metal contaminated aquaculture. Some research gaps were also highlighted which could form the basis for future research, such as research centred on the effects of these metals on the embryonic development of aquaculture organisms and the alterations the metals caused in their stages of development.

Heavy Metal Pollution in Aquaculture: Sources, Impacts and Mitigation Techniques.

During the past few years, researchers have focused their attention on developing innovative nanocomposite polymeric membranes with applications in water purification. Natural and synthetic polymers were considered, and it was proven that chitosan-based materials presented important features. This review presents an overview regarding diverse materials used in developing innovative chitosan-based nanocomposite polymeric membranes for water purification. The first part of the review presents a detailed introduction about chitosan, highlighting the fact that is a biocompatible, biodegradable, low-cost, nontoxic biopolymer, having unique structure and interesting properties, and also antibacterial and antioxidant activities, reasons for using it in water treatment applications. To use chitosan-based materials for developing nanocomposite polymeric membranes for wastewater purification applications must enhance their performance by using different materials. In the second part of the review, the performance's features will be presented as a consequence of adding different nanoparticles, also showing the effect that those nanoparticles could bring on other polymeric membranes. Among these features, pollutant's retention and enhancing thermo-mechanical properties will be mentioned. The focus of the third section of the review will illustrate chitosan-based nanocomposite as polymeric membranes for water purification. Over the last few years, researchers have demonstrated that adsorbent nanocomposite polymeric membranes are powerful, important, and potential instruments in separation or removal of pollutants, such as heavy metals, dyes, and other toxic compounds presented in water systems. Lastly, we conclude this review with a summary of the most important applications of chitosan-based nanocomposite polymeric membranes and their perspectives in water purification.

Chitosan-Based Nanocomposite Polymeric Membranes for Water Purification-A Review.

The gradual increase of population and residues excreted from advance industries disturbs our ecological balance. The report of change in climate and environmental pollution is most hot topic around the world. Environmental pollution has become a threat to our life as it may be the root causes of different unwanted diseases. Hence, the degradation of this pollutants are required immediately. However, there are some pollutants which are very hard to degrade and needs more time for remediation. In this process, the novel work of nanotechnology can be applied and the pollutants can be transformed into a harmless one or can be properly remediate. It is possible because of their large surface area, active sites and sufficient functional groups. Besides these, it could transform strong surface complexes with various kinds of pollutants and thereby could efficiently eliminate the pollutants from the aqueous solutions. As a result, nanocatalyst and nanomaterials are generally used for the remediation process. Different kind of nanomaterials including inorganic, carbon materials and polymeric based materials are used in remediation of environment contaminants. Utilizing these novel materials can successfully purified pollutants like heavy metals, dyes, chlorinated organic compounds, organophosphorus compounds, volatile organic compounds, and halogenated herbicides. Furthermore, process like adsorption and photocatalytic reduction of organic pollutants and the adsorption or reduction process of heavy metal ions are usually considered as the one of the major methods to reduce the concentration of pollutants in the surroundings. In context to this, the present review writes up more on enhancement work of nanocatalyst in remediation of environment pollutants and there need for future to bring a clean safety environment. 

Nanocatalyst in remediating environmental pollutants

In nanotechnology, the green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is a new research trend in science and engineering because it is nontoxic or less hazardous, eco-friendly, efficient, and cost-effective when compared to other traditional physical and chemical approaches. Plant-based green synthesis of NPs utilizes a variety of biological agents such as plants, bacteria, algae, and fungus, but plant-based green synthesis of NPs is gaining popularity among researchers worldwide. Because of their great efficiency and biocompatibility, a variety of green-produced NPs are now being employed in water and wastewater treatment. Green produced NPs are extremely effective in recycling and removing heavy metals from wastewater. However, the shortage of water across the globe is probable to create a global water crisis. Surface water reliance seems to be insufficient to solve the rising in water demand, more also the increase in industrialization, urbanization, agriculture practices, social and environmental problems have caused generation of wastewater which have made the water to be polluted and contaminated. In this review the overview of water treatment techniques most especially the used of green synthesis application such iron nanoparticles are discussed in details, heavy metal removal which are threat to human life such as Zn, Cu, Hg, and Pb that are needed to be removed from the food chain, adsorption Isotherms, and Kinetics behavior, wastewater purification, removal of contaminants from wastewater, wastewater treatment processing, influence of nanotechnology in treatment of water, water purification process, and importance of nanomaterials in treatment of water purification are well elucidated. Moreover, this review also highlights the prospect of nanoparticles in the treatment of water. 

A comprehensive review on nanotechnology application in wastewater treatment a case study of Metal-based using green synthesis

A new water treatment process—membrane flotation—is presented. The hydrodynamics of air sparging with the use of microporous membranes was studied as well as the membrane flotation efficacy for cationic wastewater treatment. The performance of membrane filtration processes was evaluated. Ways of integration of flotation and membrane filtration in cationic wastewater treatment practice are discussed.

Use of membranes for heavy metal cationic wastewater treatment: flotation and membrane filtration

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Use of membranes for heavy metal cationic wastewater treatment: flotation and membrane filtration