応用水文 = Applied hydrology

Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) as an advantageous tool has been applied by various researchers to improve their management ability. Management of groundwater resource, especially under data-scarce and arid areas, encountered a lot of problems and issues which drives the planers to use of MCDA. In this research, a standard methodology has been applied to delineate groundwater resource potential zonation based on integrated analytical hierarchy process (AHP), geographic information system (GIS), and remote sensing (RS) techniques in Kurdistan plain, Iran. At first, the effective thematic layers on the groundwater potential such as rainfall, lithology, drainage density, lineament density, and slope percent were derived from the spatial geodatabase. Then, the assigned weights of thematic layers based on expert knowledge were normalized by eigenvector technique of AHP. To prepare the groundwater potential index, the weighted linear combination (WLC) method was applied in GIS. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn for groundwater potential map, and the area under curve (AUC) was computed. Results indicated that the rainfall and slope percent factors have taken the highest and lowest weights, respectively. Validation of results showed that the AHP method (AUC = 73.66 %) performed fairly good predication accuracy. Such findings revealed that in the regions suffering from data scarcity through the MCDM methodology, the planners would be able to having accurate knowledge on groundwater resources based on geospatial data analysis. Therefore, the developing scenario for future planning of groundwater exploration can be achieved in an efficient manner.

Groundwater potential mapping at Kurdistan region of Iran using analytic hierarchy process and GIS

The main goal of this study was to investigate the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), frequency ratio (FR), and certainty factor (CF) models for groundwater potential mapping using geographical information system (GIS) at Varamin Plain, Tehran province, Iran In the first step, the groundwater conditioning factors such as altitude, slope angle, slope aspect, topographic witness index, rainfall, drainage density, water table level, aquifer thickness, lithology, and distance from rivers were prepared The groundwater yield dataset was prepared using earlier reports, and extensive field surveys In total, 71 groundwater data with high potential yield values of ≥40 m3/h were collected and mapped in GIS Out these, 50 (70 %) cases were randomly selected for models training, and the remaining 21 (30 %) cases were used for the validation purposes Subsequently, groundwater potential maps were produced using AHP, FR, and CF models in ArcGIS 102 Finally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for all the groundwater potential models were constructed and the areas under the curves (AUC) were computed From the analysis, it is seen that the FR model (AUC = 7755 %) performs better than AHP (AUC = 7347 %) and CF (AUC = 6508 %) models The results of groundwater potential map can be helpful for future planning in groundwater resource management and land use planning

Application of analytical hierarchy process, frequency ratio, and certainty factor models for groundwater potential mapping using GIS

The aim of the current study was to produce groundwater spring potential map using a bivariate statistical model (frequency ratio) and geographical information system (GIS) in the Taleghan Watershed, Alborz Province, Iran. Firstly, field surveys were done for identifying and springs inventory mapping. In total, 457 springs were identified and mapped in GIS; out of that, 320 (70 %) locations were selected for training and the remaining 137 (30 %) cases were used for the model validation. The effective factors on the groundwater spring such as: slope percent, slope aspect, altitude, topographic wetness index, stream power index, slope length, plan curvature, distance from rivers, distance from roads, distance from faults, lithology, land use, soil hydrology groups, and drainage density were derived from the spatial database. Using the above effective factors, groundwater spring potential mapping was calculated using FR model as a bivariate statistical model, and the results were plotted in Arc GIS. Eventually, the receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn for spring potential map and the area under the curve (AUC) was figured. Validation of results indicated that the frequency ratio model (AUC = 75.99 %) performed fairly good predication accuracy. The results of groundwater spring potential map may be helpful for planners and engineers in water resource management and land use planning.

Groundwater spring potential mapping using bivariate statistical model and GIS in the Taleghan Watershed, Iran

Background Land use change and climate variability influence water resources availability and separation of these influences are important for water resources management. Methods SWAT model and the Mann–Kendall method were used in this study which investigated the spatiotemporal variations of blue and green water resources under different land use change, agricultural irrigation expansion and climate variability scenarios during the 1980s–2000s for the Weihe River Basin. Results Farmland area decreased by 1.4% and woodland, grassland, and construction land area increased by 0.6%, 0.2%, and 0.6%, respectively. The combined impact of land use change, agricultural irrigation expansion and climate variation decreased the blue water flow, green water flow, and green water storage by 21.62 mm year− 1, 35.01 mm year− 1 and 28.07 mm year− 1, respectively. Climate variability decreased the blue/green water flow and green water storage, land use change decreased the blue water and green water flow while it increased the green water storage, irrigation expansion decreased the blue water flow while it increased the green water flow/storage. The spatial distribution showed an uneven change in the Weihe River Basin. Together, we suggested that the variability of water resources availability in the Weihe River Basin was mainly attributed to climate variability, while land use change plays a key role in the sub-basins which experienced dramatic changes in land use.

Impacts of land use change and climate variability on green and blue water resources in the Weihe River Basin of northwest China

In recent years, changes in catchments water balance due to land use management have become the main concern of water resources authorities in Iran. Due to rapid population growth and land use changes, especially construction of Taleghan dam, Taleghan catchment has undergone rapid changes such as urban development, declining of rangelands, and deterioration of environment and erosion of soil resources by cultivating the hilly lands along the slopes for wheat or barely production. The extent of rangeland area shrinkage is substantial: from 83% during the early stages of dam construction down to 35% by the end of the study period. The ‘good’ rangeland area decreased to 5.90% from 34.49% while the poor rangeland increased from 19.04 to 23.35% during the period of 1987 to 2007. These changes could potentially have devastating impacts on water balance of the catchment. The main objective of this research was to examine the effects of land use changes on water balance of the Taleghan catchment before and after the dam construction. The Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT) model was applied for predicting water balance in the middle and outlet of the catchment. The main input data for simulation of SWAT are Digital Elevation Model (DEM), soil type, soil properties, and hydro-climatological data. Comparing the water balance for 1987's land use for the middle station (Joestan) and the outlet station (Galinak) showed that surface runoff was 21% of the precipitation for the upper part of the catchment and 33% at the outlet. Total groundwater and lateral flows were 37 and 19%, respectively. The water balance at the outlet was predicted for two other scenarios of 2001 and 2007. The results showed 7.3% increase in surface runoff and 11.3 and 11% decrease in the lateral flow and groundwater flow, respectively. These results indicated progressive increase in surface runoff and decline in interflow and groundwater flow.Therefore, one of the main challenges facing development planners is the control of the accelerated degradation of the natural resources that has been taking place during the last decade.

Effects of Land Use Changes on Water Balance in Taleghan Catchment, Iran

Problem statement: The most of the distributed or physically-based hydrologic and water
quality models from developed countries are not directly applicable in developing countries due to
both lack of data and different climatic conditions. Hence, there is a need for a study to be conducted a
catchment of developed countries. Approach: From a review of various models to estimate runoff
using a semi-distributed model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was selected. Sequential
Uncertainty fitting (SUFI-2), a program that is linked to SWAT was utilized for calibration and
validation analysis. SUFI-2 is linked with SWAT in the Calibration Uncertainty Program known as
SWAT-CUP. There are two stream gages with adequate data for calibration and validation in Taleghan
basin with an area of 800 km2 in northwest of the Tehran, Iran. Joestan gauging station is located in the
upstream and measures runoff from an area of 413 km2 whereas Galinak station located at the outlet of
800 km2 Taleghan catchment. Results: The results showed surface runoff was 21% of the precipitation
for the upper part of the catchment and 33% at the outlet. Groundwater and lateral flows took place
mostly in the mountainous upper part of the catchment with contribution of 23% and 17 %,
respectively. Evapotranspiration losses at Joestan and Galinak stations were around 38% and 49% of
the precipitation, respectively. Conclusion/Recommendations: This research has successfully
developed a customized SWAT model by SUFI-2 program to be used by water engineers and
managers in their planning of future land and water developments in Taleghan Catchment. The
database system created in the study area, using dispersed datasets in GIS environment could be used
not only for modeling purposes but also for decision making. High surface runoff and low interflow at
Galinak station and inversely at Joestan station showed downstream of Joestan stations on need of
greater soil conservation measures. The main reason is snowpack in the winter and good rangeland in
other seasons. The study has produced a technique with reliable capability and high accuracy for
annual and monthly water balance components of the Taleghan catchment.

Application of Soil and Water Assessment Tools Model for Runoff Estimation

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Effects of Land Use Changes on Water Balance in Taleghan Catchment, Iran

Application of Soil and Water Assessment Tools Model for Runoff Estimation