抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

基礎講座 電気泳動(Electrophoresis)

Nucleic acid aptamers have minimal immunogenicity, high chemical synthesis production, low cost and high chemical stability when compared with antibodies. However, the susceptibility to nuclease degradation, rapid excretion through renal filtration and insufficient binding affinity hindered their development as drug candidates for therapeutic applications. In this review, we will discuss methods to conquer these challenges and highlight recent developments of chemical modifications and technological advances that may enable early aptamers to be translated into clinical therapeutics.

Chemical Modifications of Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Therapeutic Purposes.

Targeted drug delivery is a new method in the therapy of various diseases, especially cancer. Typically the therapeutic drug is encapsulated into the polymer nanoparticle modified by antibodies or nucleic acids aptamers that recognize the receptors at the surface of the targeted cells. Among recognition elements the nucleic acids aptamers are of high interest. They are single stranded DNA or RNA that in solution folds into 3D structure forming binding site for specific molecule or cell. Recent decade demonstrated high efficiency of targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles and nanomotors modified by aptamers on model systems, such as cell cultures. It is assumed that such an approach will help in improvement of the therapy of cancer. This review is focused on the recent advances in targeted drug delivery by nanoparticles and nanomotors modified by aptamers. The introduction into the nanoparticle and nanomotors structure, their modification by aptamers and interaction with cells is presented.

Nanoparticles and Nanomotors Modified by Nucleic Acids Aptamers for Targeted Drug Delivery

Advancing Cancer Treatments: The role of oligonucleotides-based therapies in driving progress

Side-by-side development of two competing technologies for obtaining affinity antibody-based and aptamer-based molecules opens new horizons for the creation of diagnostic and therapeutic agents of extremely high efficiency. Benefits of aptamers, such as relatively small size and selection simplicity, have been jeopardized for a long time by their intrinsic downsides, i.e., obscure process of obtaining aptamers against certain targets because of a low diversity of functional groups (purine and pyrimidine bases) in DNA and RNA aptamers. Another side effect of the aptamer technique inherent to the traditional SELEX method is unspecific enrichment with aptamers with high affinity to off-target reaction components. Today, due to current progress in the development of new technology methods and chemical coupling reactions, the modern aptamer technology helps to avoid its disadvantages and become capable of being the source of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools, which are properly unique in their efficiency. The review focuses on modern methods of increasing efficiency of the aptamer selection and on synthetic nucleotide modifications, which make it possible to prepare high-affinity aptamers against traditionally ‘hard’ targets.

Expanding the application potential of DNA aptamers by their functionalization

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Expanding the application potential of DNA aptamers by their functionalization