K-Ar isotopic age determination from some Scottish mineral localities

Proterozoic limestone in a north British terrane contains a newly recognised occurrence of Nb-REE minerals. The mineralized Loch Shin Limestone is in the Lewisian Complex of the Northern Highlands ...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/25726838.2021.1902729

Niobium mineralization of sedimentary carbonates, Lewisian Complex, UK

The symbiotic partnership of plants and fungi was a critical means of nutrient uptake during colonization of the terrestrial surface. The Lower Devonian Rhynie Chert shows evidence for extensive phosphorus mobilization in plant debris that was pervasively colonized by fungi. Sandy sediment entrapped with fungi‐rich phytodebris contains grains of the phosphate mineral monazite which exhibit alteration to highly porous and leached surfaces. Mixed manganese‐iron oxide precipitates contain up to 2% P2O5. The mobilization of Mn, Fe, and P are all features of mycorrhizal nutrient concentration. However, the ecosystem was also exposed to toxic elements from hot spring hydrothermal activity. The oxide precipitates include titanium and iron‐titanium oxide which sequestered potentially toxic tungsten and antimony. Abundant pyrite framboids in the Rhynie Chert indicate that plant decomposition included microbial sulfate reduction. This caused the removal of some of the arsenic from the groundwaters into the pyrite, which reduced toxicity while leaving enough for putative arsenic metabolism. These relationships show the mineral component of the ecosystem modified the geochemistry of ambient waters.

Trace Element Geochemistry in the Earliest Terrestrial Ecosystem, the Rhynie Chert

The Tomnadashan sulphide deposit, which is located on the southern margin of Loch Tay (Scotland, UK), was mined for copper during the 19 th century. The genetic processes at Tomnadashan remain poorly understood, and the mineralisation has never been dated. To gain an improved understanding of this mineral system, we have dated the molybdenite at Tomnadashan using the Re-Os chronometer. Furthermore, we have contextualised these ages within a paragenetic interpretation. Our results show that the molybdenite is ca. 423-419 Ma, and it occurs early in the paragenesis (the second stage out of six). Based on the paragenesis of molybdenite, this age is likely to reflect the initial Caledonian mineralisation event at Loch Tay. Our new data and literature review suggest that whilst Tomnadashan is a magmatic-related ore deposit, the outcropping porphyry is unlikely to have provided the mineralising fluids associated with the mineralisation. A concealed intrusion or granitic dykes within the porphyry may be the source of the magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The age data indicate that the Tomnadashan mineralisation is coeval with gold mineralisation at Cavanacaw in Northern Ireland, giving rise to the possibility of a previously unrecognised mid-Silurian magmatic-hydrothermal episode of gold and base metal mineralisation throughout the Grampian Terrane. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Early Career Research collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/early-career-research 

A reinterpretation of the mineralisation processes involved in the formation of the Tomnadashan sulphide deposit, Loch Tay, Scotland, UK

Strontium minerals as critical raw materials — Market dynamics, processing techniques, and future challenges

This, the fourth paper on Scottish Mineral GCR sites, deals with minerals produced during the late stages of granitic rocks creation. Five sites are described and interpreted, encompassing both minerals within intrusive rocks and those which formed in the adjacent country rocks. The former range from previously-mined, porphyry-style copper-molybdnum sulphide concentrations to one of the few Scottish occurrences of tungsten mineralization. Mineral deposits formed in mostly calcareous country rocks by the exchange of elements between granitic bodies and them are generally referred to as skarns. They are geographically more widespread than the within-granite bodies, and comprise calc-silicate minerals such as diopside, grossular garnet, wollastonite and, more rarely vesuvianite. In one instance, the skarns contain a wide range of mineral assemblages including some with boron fluoride minerals and mineable concentrations of iron ore. Probably the most enigmatic of these is an apparent exoskarn type assemblage but is devoid of an associated granite.

Chapter 4 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites—Magmatic and skarn minerals

This fifth paper on Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review (GCR) sites details sites of highest conservation value for hydrothermal veins and associated mineral assemblages. The GCR sites are both large and small reflecting variations in past economic mining and extraction history. During the long mining histories, and after, the sites have yielded new mineral species and a new metal. From the largest ore field for lead, zinc and copper 80 or so minerals have been recognised, including nine new species, one of which was established as the first sulphite, scotlandite. Elsewhere gold and silver were also extracted. For some veins the country rocks were analysed to determine whether they provided the vein elements for primary and secondary minerals, and sometimes dated. Two sites exhibit polymetallic mineralization, i.e., five elements in the mineral assemblages. In one site veins in close proximity to a sanukitoid pluton received signature elements from the intrusion. Veins in various areas formed in faults, fractures and shears which became conduits for ground waters reacting with vein minerals. Oxygen in the water reacted with lead, zinc and copper minerals and in the presence of CO2 and SO4 supergene mineral assemblages formed in appropriate alkalinities. It is therefore possible to establish paragenetic sequences and calculate stability fields for specific assemblages. Alkalinities and formation temperatures may also be obtained through fluid inclusions studies and isotope analysis.

Chapter 5 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites – Hydrothermal veins and mineral assemblages

This fifth paper on Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review (GCR) sites describes five sites of highest conservation value that reflect a wide range of mineral occurrences and formative systems. Host rocks are predominantly basalts of different ages and varying compositions, although in one site the host rocks are mostly basalts and basaltic andesites. The geology and mineralogy of each site differs considerably. Many zeolites have been identified from Skye, Mull and inland localities, their formation resulted from percolating aqueous surface waters or magmatic fluids in amygdales or veins. At some localities geodes and amygdales have been filled with agates some of which are of exquisite quality. Studies of agates reveal that their origin is complex.

Chapter 6 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites — Late-stage hydrothermal minerals

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Chapter 4 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites—Magmatic and skarn minerals

Chapter 5 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites – Hydrothermal veins and mineral assemblages

Chapter 6 Scottish mineral Geological Conservation Review sites — Late-stage hydrothermal minerals