The olive is the most iconic Mediterranean tree. The multiple uses of wild and cultivated olives make this species economically significant and a keystone of traditional Mediterranean agrosystems. The literature on its domestication is reviewed here, with a focus on the recent results on population, archaeobotanical, and genetic studies. Since the Late Tertiary, the olive distribution has been shaped by past climatic and geological changes as well as humans during prehistoric and historic times. It is usually accepted that olive has been primarily domesticated in the Levant. Three main gene pools are, however, identified for the cultivated olive in eastern, Central, and western Mediterranean. These centers of diversity likely reflect crop diversification from East to West but could also result from independent domestications. The breeding process is still ongoing, including areas outside of the native range where cultivated olives and wild relatives were introduced into the same regions. Gene exchanges between wild and cultivated olives have played a major role in the diversification of the crop. In the future, the in situ conservation of wild populations, locally endangered, should be essential to preserve the evolutionary potential of the cultivated olive.

Origin and Domestication

Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], an important turfgrass used in public parks, home lawns, golf courses and sports fields, is widely distributed in China. In the present study, sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers were used to assess genetic diversity and population structure among 157 indigenous bermudagrass genotypes from 20 provinces in China. The application of 26 SRAP primer pairs produced 340 bands, of which 328 (96.58%) were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.36 to 0.49 with a mean of 0.44. Genetic distance coefficients among accessions ranged from 0.04 to 0.61, with an average of 0.32. The results of STRUCTURE analysis suggested that 157 bermudagrass accessions can be grouped into three subpopulations. Moreover, according to clustering based on the unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic averages (UPGMA), accessions were divided into three major clusters. The UPGMA dendrogram revealed that accessions from identical or adjacent areas were generally, but not entirely, clustered into the same cluster. Comparison of the UPGMA dendrogram and the Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis showed general agreement between the population subdivisions and the genetic relationships among accessions. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) with SRAP markers revealed a similar grouping of accessions to the UPGMA dendrogram and STRUCTUE analysis. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 18% of total molecular variance was attributed to diversity among subpopulations, while 82% of variance was associated with differences within subpopulations. Our study represents the most comprehensive investigation of the genetic diversity and population structure of bermudagrass in China to date, and provides valuable information for the germplasm collection, genetic improvement, and systematic utilization of bermudagrass.

/pdf/genetic-diversity-and-population-structure-of-chinese-459z9lnb4x.pdf

Genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese natural bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] germplasm based on SRAP markers.

Mexican oregano is an aromatic plant traditionally harvested from wild populations by rural communities; however, there is little information about population genetics aspects of this species. Moreover, considering that the variation in essential oil production of aromatic plants has been attributed to several environmental as well as genetic factors, in this study we estimated the genetic diversity and genetic structure from 14 wild populations of L. graveolens located in four different bioclimatic regions in southeastern Mexico using AFLP markers. The overall genetic diversity of L. graveolens described as the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL = 60.9 %) and Nei’s gene diversity (H
 j
  = 0.17) was moderate, but not associated with the bioclimatic conditions. Genetic variation was analyzed at chemotype and population levels. Regarding chemotypes, thymol had the highest genetic diversity (PPL = 82.8 % and H
 j
  = 0.22). PCoA revealed that chemotypes exhibit a certain level of genetic differentiation. Maximum parsimony dendrogram showed a grouping of individuals with a predominant chemotype. Bayesian analyses revealed a low, but significant differentiation among chemotypes (θ
 ΙΙ = 0.008). Regarding populations, gene diversity showed significant differences (F
 13,1204 = 22.8, P < 0.001); populations dominated by individuals from the thymol chemotype showed the highest gene diversity (H
 j
  = 0.31–0.25), while populations with exclusively sesquiterpene chemotype showed the lowest value (H
 j
  = 0.058). Cluster and Bayesian analyses (θ
 ΙΙ = 0.027) revealed a low level of genetic differentiation among populations. Correlation analysis showed a significant association between the distance matrices based on the genetic markers (AFLP) and chemical compounds of essential oil (r = 0.06, P < 0.001). Our results suggest an important genetic influence on the observed chemical profiles. Nevertheless, other biotic and abiotic environmental pressures also play an important role in determining the chemotype and structure found in this aromatic species.

Genetic diversity and genetic structure in wild populations of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens H.B.K.) and its relationship with the chemical composition of the essential oil

In recent years, an increasing number of typicality marks has been awarded to high-quality olive oils produced from local cultivars. In this case, quality control requires effective varietal checks of the starting materials. Moreover, accurate cultivar identification is essential in vegetative-propagated plants distributed by nurseries and is a pre-requisite to register new cultivars. Food genomics provides many tools for cultivar identification and traceability from tree to oil and table olives. The results of the application of different classes of DNA markers to olive with the purpose of checking cultivar identity and variability of plant material are extensively discussed in this review, with special regard to repeatability issues and polymorphism degree. The characterization of olive germplasm from all countries of the Mediterranean basin and from less studied geographical areas is described and innovative high-throughput molecular tools to manage reference collections are reviewed. Then the transferability of DNA markers to processed products - virgin olive oils and table olives - is overviewed to point out strengths and weaknesses, with special regard to (i) the influence of processing steps and storage time on the quantity and quality of residual DNA, (ii) recent advances to overcome the bottleneck of DNA extraction from processed products, (iii) factors affecting whole comparability of DNA profiles between fresh plant materials and end-products, (iv) drawbacks in the analysis of multi-cultivar versus single-cultivar end-products and (v) the potential of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evolution and perspectives of cultivar identification and traceability from tree to oil and table olives by means of DNA markers.

Background The olive tree is a typical crop of the Mediterranean basin where it shows a wide diversity, accounting for more than 2,600 cultivars. The ability to discriminate olive cultivars and determine their genetic variability is pivotal for an optimal exploitation of olive genetic resources. Methods We investigated the genetic diversity within 128 olive accessions belonging to four countries in the Mediterranean Basin (Italy, Algeria, Syria, and Malta), with the purpose of better understanding the origin and spread of the olive genotypes across Mediterranean Basin countries. Eleven highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used and proved to be very informative, producing a total of 179 alleles. Results Cluster analysis distinguished three main groups according to their geographical origin, with the current sample of Maltese accessions included in the Italian group. Phylogenetic analysis further differentiated Italian and Maltese olive accessions, clarifying the intermediate position of Maltese accessions along the x/y-axes of principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Model-based and neighbor clustering, PCoA, and migration analysis suggested the existence of two different gene pools (Algerian and Syrian) and that the genetic exchange occurred between the Syrian, Italian and Maltese populations. Discussion The close relationship between Syrian and Italian and Maltese olives was consistent with the historical domestication and migration of olive tree from the North Levant to eastern Mediterranean basin. This study lays the foundations for a better understanding of olive genetic diversity in the Mediterranean basin and represents a step toward an optimal conservation and exploitation of olive genetic resources.

Genetic flow among olive populations within the Mediterranean basin.

Phylogenetic relationships in Origanum spp. based on rDNA sequences and intra-genetic variation of Greek O. vulgare subsp. hirtum revealed by RAPD

Molecular markers were used to evaluate genetic similarity among 36 citrus accessionsc ( C. sinensis, C. reticulata, C. limon and cultivars) of the Greek national clonal germplasm repository located in Poros. In total, nine RAPD and five ISSR primers produced 262 loci, of which 236 were polymorphic. Both techniques were proven to be equally analytical with an average discrimination power above 0.9. The RAPD and ISSR markers were highly correlated and clustering among them had high correspondence. Citrus accessions formed separate clusters according to their species, even though sweet orange and mandarin cultivars revealed high affinity, while lemons were more divergent. C. sinensis genotypes had the highest intragenetic affinity suggesting that cultivated oranges have a narrow genetic base. On the contrary, the C. reticulata group was the most variable. In general, Greek varieties exhibited a distinctive genetic background that could be discriminated from foreign established cultivars using the mentioned molecular techniques. This information could facilitate their use in future Citrus spp. breeding programs.

/pdf/molecular-characterization-and-analysis-of-the-greek-citrus-4l1i5lxbpu.pdf

Molecular Characterization and Analysis of the Greek Citrus Germplasm

The Mastic Tree, Pistacia Lentiscus var. chia, belongs to the Anacardiaceae family and is cultivated only on the southern part of the Greek island of Chios. The male tree gives a resin product known for its therapeutic qualities. Morphological characteristics suggest the existence of different genotypes that also differ in quantity and quality of the resin production. The four major genotypes of the male mastic tree, Votomos, Maroulitis, Mavroskinos and Siderakikos, have distinct phenotypes and can be easily identified. In the present study the genetic diversity between the different genotypes among the male mastic trees and female was studied using two different molecular marker techniques, RAPD and ISSR. Based on the molecular results of the present study, the entries show genetic diversity among the genotypes and within the different individuals. The female tree was grouped separately from the four different male genotypes.

Genetic diversity among different genotypes of Pistacia lentiscus var . chia ( mastic tree )

Genetic structure of the Greek olive germplasm revealed by RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers

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Phylogenetic relationships in Origanum spp. based on rDNA sequences and intra-genetic variation of Greek O. vulgare subsp. hirtum revealed by RAPD

Molecular Characterization and Analysis of the Greek Citrus Germplasm

Genetic diversity among different genotypes of Pistacia lentiscus var . chia ( mastic tree )

Genetic structure of the Greek olive germplasm revealed by RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers