Phased Arrays in Radar and Communication Systems. Pattern Characteristics and Synthesis of Linear and Planar Arrays. Patterns of Nonplanar Arrays. Elements, Transmission Lines, and Feed Architectures for Phased Arrays. Summary of Element Pattern and Mutual Impedance Effects. Array Error Effects. Special Array Feeds for Limited Field of View and Wideband Arrays.

Phased Array Antenna Handbook

A survey of microstrip antenna elements is presented, with emphasis on theoretical and practical design techniques. Available substrate materials are reviewed along with the relation between dielectric constant tolerance and resonant frequency of microstrip patches. Several theoretical analysis techniques are summarized, including transmission-line and modal-expansion (cavity) techniques as well as numerical methods such as the method of moments and finite-element techniques. Practical procedures are given for both standard rectangular and circular patches, as well as variations on those designs including circularly polarized microstrip patches. The quality, bandwidth, and efficiency factors of typical patch designs are discussed. Microstrip dipole and conformal antennas are summarized. Finally, critical needs for further research and development for this antenna are identified.

Microstrip antenna technology

The uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) is employed for calculating the edge diffracted fields from the finite ground plane of a microstrip antenna. The source field from the radiating patch is calculated by two different methods: the slot theory and the modal expansion theory. Many numerical and measured results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the calculations and the finite ground plane edge effect.

The finite ground plane effect on the microstrip antenna radiation patterns

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the models currently used to improve the quasistatic approximation of microstrip structures. The chapter presents a brief review of the microstrip fundamentals; a comprehensive account of these dynamical models. A particular model based on the calculation of the electric surface currents in the structure is introduced in the chapter. The Green's functions involved are constructed and numerically evaluated using the exact formulation for dipole potentials in a stratified medium. New evaluation techniques developed for Sommerfeld integrals permit a very accurate computation of Green's functions. Their properties are then extensively discussed; the validity of the quasistatic approximations is checked and the importance of the surface wave is pointed out in detail. Finally, the integral equations for the currents are set up and solved by numerical methods in that also give several practical applications. The chapter concludes the model is that the surface currents on the antenna are directly determined and the near field can then be determined easily, that becomes most important when microstrip structures are utilized as radiators or biological applicators.

A Dynamical Radiation Model for Microstrip Structures

Mutual coupling between L -band rectangular, nearly square, and circular microstrip antennas has been investigated experimentally by a series of measurements of the S -parameters. The mutual coupling level decreases monotonically with increasing separation between elements with the E -plane coupling down 20 dB and the H -plane coupling down 25 dB for typical adjacent element spacings. For 1/16 in and 1/8 in substrates at L -band the predominant coupling mechanism is via the space wave since the surface wave is shown experimentally to be small.

Measured mutual coupling between microstrip antennas

An extended theory on rectangular microstrip resonator antennas is presented using the cavity model. Radiation from all four edges of the open cavity is taken into account as well as dielectric and ohmic losses. For a rectangular microstrip antenna excited in its lowest resonance mode, losses, input conductance, and bandwidth are calculated and plotted versus frequency for some different parameters, showing that bandwidths of up to 15 percent (for a voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) of less than two) are possible to achieve in the X band.

Extended analysis of rectangular microstrip resonator antennas

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Extended analysis of rectangular microstrip resonator antennas