The development of dielectric materials with low permittivity and low loss is a great challenge in J u s t A c c e p t e d wireless communication.In this study, LiLn(PO3)4 (Ln = La, Sm, Eu) ceramic systems were successfully prepared using the traditional solid-state method.X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the LiLn(PO3)4 ceramics crystallized in a monoclinic structure when sintered at 850-940 ℃.The characteristic peak shifted to high angles with variations in the Ln element, which was ascribed to a reduction in cell volume.Further analysis by structure refinement revealed that the reduction of cell volume resulted from the decline of chemical bond lengths and compression of [LiO4] and [PO4] tetrahedra.Remarkably, the LiLn(PO3)4 ceramic system displayed exceptional performances at low sintering temperatures (910-925 ℃), including high Q•f of 41,607-75,968 GHz, low f ranging from -19.64 to -47.49 ppm/℃, low εr between 5.04 and 5.26, and low density (3.04-3.26g/cm 3 ).The application of the Phillips-Van Vechten-Levine theory revealed that the increased Q•f value of the LiLn(PO3)4 systems can be attributed to the enhanced packing fraction, bond covalency, and lattice energy, and the stability of f was associated with the increase of bond energy.Furthermore, a microstrip patch antenna prototype using the LiEu(PO3)4 ceramics was fabricated.Measurement results demonstrated excellent antenna performances with a bandwidth of 360 MHz and a peak gain of 5.11 dB at a central frequency of 5.08 GHz.Therefore, the low εr LiLn(PO3)4 ceramic systems are promising candidates for microwave/millimeter-wave communication. 

Low permittivity LiLn(PO
 3)
 4 (Ln = La, Sm, Eu) dielectric ceramics for microwave/millimeter-wave communication

New ultra-low loss, temperature-stable composite ceramics, (1-x) Mg1.99Ga0.01Si0.99Al0.01O4-xCaTiO3, have been developed with a view to expanding the portfolio of low-cost, MW dielectrics available for 5 G/6 G telecommunications, currently dominated by 95 wt%MgTiO3-5 wt%CaTiO3, (Mg,Ca)TiO3 (relative permittivity, εr ∼ 21, quality factor, Q×f ∼ 56,000 GHz and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency, τf ∼ 0 ppm/°C). Compared with (Mg,Ca)TiO3, 89 wt%Mg1.99Ga0.01Si0.99Al0.01O4-11 wt%CaTiO3 ceramics are also temperature stable (τf = −2.72 ppm/°C) but have lower εr (∼8.55) and a higher Q×f (∼ 72,900 GHz @ 12 GHz and 80,900 GHz @ 26 GHz), better suited to the higher frequencies earmarked for 6 G millimeter-wave (mm-wave) applications. To demonstrate its potential for 5 G/6 G telecommunications, a waveguide filter with novel negative coupling structure was fabricated based on simulated results. The filter had low insertion loss (0.43 dB) at the center frequency (4.8 GHz) and high selectivity with a roll-off rate of 576/375 dB/GHz. The S-parameters matched well at 25 °C and 85 °C, demonstrating that the filter had excellent temperature stability and was therefore suitable for future 5 G/6 G microwave and mm-wave communication devices. 

A high-performance, temperature-stable Mg1.99Ga0.01Si0.99Al0.01O4-CaTiO3 microwave dielectric ceramic and its 5G/6G waveguide filter

Effects of Cu2+ substitution on the sintering behavior, crystal structure and microwave dielectric properties of Li3Mg4NbO8 ceramics

A novel series of BaZnP2-xWxO7+x/2 ceramics with high Q×f values and low sintering temperatures

High-Performance monolithic ceramic waveguide filter with isosceles Right-Angled triangular resonator for base station applications

A new microwave dielectric composite ceramic (1-x) wt%LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4-x wt%TiO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 18 wt%) was synthesized in the low sintering temperature range of 850 °C − 975 °C by the solid-state reaction method. The XRD diffractogram confirmed the coexistence of LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4 and TiO2, and no second phase was detected. Due to their opposite τf values, the τf values of LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4 solid solution ceramics were adjusted by adding different volume fractions of TiO2. The composite ceramic with x = 15 wt% sintered at 975 °C shows desirable microwave dielectric properties of εr∼10.30, Q×f ∼ 58,400 GHz (tan δ = 2.093 ×10−4), and τf ∼ + 4.04 ppm/ °C (at ∼12 GHz). Based on the 85 wt% LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4-15 wt% TiO2 ceramics, a fourth order dielectric waveguide filter filled with composite ceramics is designed and packaged for the RF front-end of the China Mobile 5 G base station. The test results show that the center frequency of the filter is 4.65 GHz, the working bandwidth is 300 MHz, the filter has a good out of band rejection capability, and the insertion loss in band is 0.18 dB. Combined with the filter test data and material performance, the designed dielectric waveguide filter meets the communication requirements of the base station, and the higher Q×f microwave dielectric ceramic material can achieve low insertion loss and excellent frequency selection performance of the filter. 

High quality of LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4-TiO2 microwave ceramic and its application for 5 G dielectric waveguide bandpass filter

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High quality of LiMg0.9Zn0.06Ni0.04PO4-TiO2 microwave ceramic and its application for 5 G dielectric waveguide bandpass filter